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Med Surg Lab values

  1. A1C
    • A1C: Identifies avg plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time (3 months).
    • Normal: 4.0-5.5%
    • Causes of increase poorly controlled diabetes gestational diabetes
    • Causes of decrease hemorrhage chronic renal failure hemolytic anemia pregnancy related anemia
  2. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT):
    • ALT: Assess liver function related to liver disease &/ or damage.
    • Normal: Female= 7-35, Male= 10-40
    • Causes of increase Acetaminophen toxicity Alcohol hepatitis Acute pancreatitis Liver cancer/ failure severe burns MI shock muscular dystrophy biliary obstruction recent muscle injury
    • causes of decrease vit B6 deficiency
  3. Amylase:
    • Amylase: assist in diagnosis & eval of the treatment modalities used for pancreatitis
    • Normal: 30-110
    • Causes of increase acute appendicitis, pancreatitis, & cholecystitis Aortic aneurysm burns and traumatic shock alcoholism mumps biliary tract disease pancreatic cancer common bile duct obstruction/ stones diabetic ketoacidosis Abd trauma
    • Causes of decrease Severe hepatic disease Pancreatectomy Pancreatic insufficiency
  4. aPTT
    • Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): assist in assessing coagulation disorders & monitor the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions
    • Normal: 25-35 secs (CV>70)
    • Causes of increase circulating anticoagulants Factor deficiencies Liver disease Heparin Lupus Warfarin therapy Vit K deficiency
    • Causes of decrease Antihistamines Digitalis Tetracycline Inflammatory States Elevated factor
  5. Albumin
    • Albumin: to assess liver or kidney function & nutritional status
    • Normal: 3.2-5
    • Causes of increase Dehydration Shock hemoconcentration
    • Causes of decrease Malabsorption Malnutrition CHF Acute & Chronic liver disease Thyroid dysfunction Inflammation and chronic diseases burns hemorrhage over hydration
  6. Anion Gap
    • Anion Gap: to assess the difference between cations and anions in the blood. Only Na, Cl, & HCO3
    • Normal: 8-16 (CV: <8 or >16)
    • Causes of increase Diabetic ketoacidosis ETOH ischemia uremia salicylates lactic acidosis
    • Causes of decrease Excess IV saline Hemorrhage Liver disease nephrotic syndrome lithium toxicity
  7. HCO3
    • HCO3: Used to detect, evaluate, & monitor electrolyte imbalance
    • Norm: 22-26 (CV:<15 or >40)
    • Causes of increase Comp resp acidosis Vomitting Cushing's disease diuretics Metabolic alk
    • Causes of decrease Chronic diarrhea Comp resp alkalosis Ketoacidosis Meta acidosis salicylate toxicity Vol overload renal failure
  8. PaCO2
    • PaCO2: used to assess resp function
    • Norm: 35-45 (CV: <20 or >60)
    • Causes of increase ETOH Barbituates Benzos MG resp acidosis resp failure
    • Causes of decrease Chronic hyperventilation Incorrect ventilator Liver disease Resp alkosis sepsis
  9. O2 SAT
    • O2 Sat: measures how much O2 the blood is carrying as a percentage of max potential carrying capacity
    • Normal: 96-100%
    • Causes of increase alcoholism airway obstruction asthma barbituates COPD congenital heart disease MG PNA pulm embolism
  10. pH
    • pH: measure of balance of acids & bases in the blood
    • Normal: 7.35-7.45 (CV: <7.25 or >7.55)
    • Causes of increase Metabolic alk Resp Alkalosis
    • Causes of decrease Meta acidosis Resp acidosis
  11. AST
    • Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): enzyme associated with liver cell damage
    • Normal: <35
    • Causes of increase Acute viral hepatitis Alcohol hepatitis Erythromycin Liver abscess liver disease Liver cancer MI
    • Causes of decrease Vit B6 deficiency
  12. BUN
    • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Assess renal function & monitor effectiveness of therapeutic interventions such as hemodialysis.
    • Normal: 8-21 (CV>100)
    • Causes of Increase Acute renal failure CHF Decreased renal perfusion ketoacidosis hypovolemia GI bleed DM Shock Urinary tract obstruction
    • Causes of decrease Malabsorption Low-protein/ high-carb diet pregnancy severe liver disease inadequate dietary protein
  13. BNP
    • B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP): assist in diagnosing CHF
    • Normal: <100
    • Causes increase Cardiac inflammation Cirrhosis MI HF Left Ventricular hypertrophy renal failure pulm HTN ventricular dysfunction
  14. Ionized Ca
    • Ionized Calcium: Investigate conditions related to alt levels of ionized calicum.
    • Normal: 4.6-5.2 (CV: <3.2 or >6.2)
    • Causes of increase Alkalosis Bone cancer chronic renal failure Vit D toxicity
    • Causes of decrease acidosis alcoholism chronic renal failure Mg+ deficiency Vit D deficiency
  15. Creatine Kinase & Isoenzymes (CK-MB)
    • Creatine Kinase & Isoenzymes (CK-MB): marker for cardiac ischemia
    • Normal: 55-170
    • Causes of increase ETOH muscle trauma MI myocarditis RA CVA tetanus
    • Causes of decrease sedentary lifestyle small stature
  16. Creatnine
    • Creatnine: Assess kidney function in renal failure
    • Normal: 0.61-1.21
    • Causes of increase CHF dehydration renal disease renal failure shock renal calculi
    • Causes of decrease decreased muscle mass liver disease pregnancy hyperthyroidism
  17. D-Dimer
    • D-Dimer: assist in diagnosing a diffuse state of hypercoagulation
    • Normal: <250 Causes of increase Arterial or Venous thrombosis DVT DIC Pre-eclampsia Pregnancy PE recent sx thrombolytic or fibrinolytic therapy 2nd fibrinolysis
  18. eGFR
    • Glomerulaar Filtration Rate (eGFR): vol of fluid filtered thru the renal glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time.
    • Normal: 60
    • Causes of increase early DM acromegaly high CO infection hypothyroidism
    • Causes of decrease shock renal failure CHF decreased renal perfusion dehydration hemorrhage
  19. Fasting blood glucose
    • Fasting blood glucose: assist in dx or assess of DM
    • Normal: 65-100 (CV: <50 or >125)
    • Causes of increase pancreatitis DM glucocorticoids stress
    • Causes of decrease Adrenal insufficiency ETOH malignancy malnutrition sepsis hypoglycemia hypothyroidism
  20. Hematocrit
    • Hematocrit: amt of blood vol occupied by RBCs
    • Normal: 36-52
    • Causes of increase burns congenital heart disease CHF COPD dehydration diarrhea hypoxia shock vomiting
    • Causes of decrease anemia hemodilution hemolytic anemia liver disease malnutrition leukemia hemorrhage
  21. Hemoglobin
    • Hemoglobin: iron-containing O2 transport in blood
    • Normal: 13.5-17.5 (CV<5 or >20)
    • Causes of increase Burns COPD CHF dehydration shock vomiting diarrhea hypoxia,
    • Causes of decrease anemia renal disease hemodilution leukemia pregnancy liver disease hemorrhage hyperthyroidism
  22. HDL
    • High-density cholesterol (HDL): assess risk & monitor for CAD
    • Normal: 45-90 (CV<40)
    • Causes of increase Exercise Insulin Estrogen therapy
    • Causes of decrease Beta-blockers renal failure smoking DM diuretics hypothyroidism liver disease mod alcoholism obesity oral BC post MI stress
  23. Chloride
    • Chloride: Found mostly in ECF & is essential for maintaining acid/base balance, transmit nerve impulses & reg fluid in & out of cells.
    • Normal: 97-107 (CV<80 or >115)
    • Causes of increase diarrhea dehydration overuse of NS renal failure resp acidosis
    • Causes of decrease adrenal insufficiency HCO3 Cushing's syndrome diabetic ketoacidosis diuretics diaphoresis renal failure vomiting glucocorticoids
  24. Ketones
    • Ketones: produced when liver metabolizes fatty acids as a last resort for energy.
    • Normal: <5
    • Causes of increase Anorexia DM type 1 hyperthyroidism malnutrition prolonged hypoglycemia prolonged vomiting starvation
  25. Lipase
    • Lipase: pancreatic enzyme that digest fat into fatty acids
    • Normal: <160
    • Causes of increase Pancreatitis Cholecystitis Crohn's disease cystic fibrosis DM Liver disease Pancreatic cancer, duct obstruction, or pseudocyst Renal failure
    • Causes of decrease Pancreatic dysfunction
  26. LDL
    • Low-density Cholesterol (LDL): responsible for transporting hydrophobic lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides thru the bloodstream
    • Normal: <100 (CV >160 for no risk factors, >130 for CAD risk factors)
    • Causes of increase Anabolic steroids Cholestasis Chronic renal failure DM hypothyroidism poor diet pregnancy hypercholesterolemia
    • Causes of decrease chronic illness
  27. Mg
    • Magnesium: evaluation of kidneys, DM, and GI disorders
    • Normal: 1.8-3.0 (<1 or >5)
    • Causes of increase Addison's disease ASA dehydration hypothyroidism lithium renal failure hyperparathyroidism Mg containing laxatives
    • Causes of decrease Albuterol ETOH diabetic ketoacidosis diarrhea diuretics malnutrition starvation malabsorption hypoparathyroidism
  28. Total Cholesterol
    • Total Cholesterol: acts to maintain cell membrane's fluidity
    • Normal: <200 (CV> 240)
    • Causes of increase cirrhosis corticosteroids Cushing's syndrome hyperlipidemia hypothyroidism poorly controlled DM pregnancy
    • Causes of decrease acute hepatitis cirrhosis hyperthyroidism malabsorption malnutrition sepsis
  29. Ph
    • Phosphorus: Buffering agent in cells
    • Normal: 2.5-4.5 (CV <1)
    • Causes of increase Bone cancer diarrhea diuretics hypocalcemia renal failure vit D toxicity hyper/ hypoparathyroidism Causes of decrease ETOH DM diarrhea hypercalcemia hypokalemia hypomagnesemia Vit D deficiency Oral BC hypothyroidism rickets
  30. Platelet
    • Platelet: Plays big role in hemostasis
    • Normal: 150-400 (CV <50 or >999)
    • Causes of increase Acute blood loss anemia cancer infection iron deficiency pre-eclampsia thrombocythemia
    • Causes of decrease ETOH anemia blood transfusion chemotherapy DIC HIT HIV leukemia uremia Plavix
  31. K+
    • Potassium: control muscle contraction (especially in heart), nerve impulses, and acid-base balance
    • Normal: 3.5-5.0 (CV <3 or >6)
    • Causes of increase ACE inhibitors acidosis renal failure Addison's disease dehydration ARBS Beta-blockers DM NSAIDs infection
    • Causes of decrease Ascites Burns Cushing's syndrome diarrhea diuretics hyperaldosteronism insulin metabolic alkalosis salicylates vomiting
  32. PT/INR
    • PT/INR: measures extrinsic pathway of coagulation to determine clotting tendency of blood.
    • Normal: 0.9-1.2 (CV>4)
    • Causes of increase DIC Hepatitis Liver disease Vit K deficiency Warfarin therapy
  33. RBC count
    • Red Blood Cell Count: Measures how many red blood cells are present in bloodstream to deliver O2 to the tissues thru the circulatory system.
    • Normal: 4.3-5.9
    • Causes of increase Congenital heart disease Dehydration High Altitude Hypoxia Malignancy Pulm fibrosis
    • Causes of decrease ETOH Allopurinol Anemia Chemotherapy renal failure hemodilution hemolysis hemorrhage malnutrition liver disease leukemia
  34. Na+
    • Sodium: Measures amount of essential electrolyte that helps with blood volume regulation, BP, fluid balance, nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and acid-base balance
    • Normal: 135-145 (CV <120 or >155)
    • Causes of increase Cushing's syndrome dehydration DM excessive diaphoresis oral BC hypertonic saline pregnancy vomiting
    • Causes of decrease ACE inhibitors AIDS adrenal insufficiency CHF cirrhosis diarrhea heavy sweating hypothyroidism malnutrition NG suctioning thiazide diuretics vomiting, water intoxication
  35. Specific Gravity
    • Specific Gravity: measures urine concentration
    • Normal: 1.010-1.030
    • Causes of increase CHF dehydration fasting shock
    • Causes of decrease excessive fluid intake renal failure
  36. TSH
    • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): hormone that regulates endocrine function of thyroid gland
    • Normal: 0.35-5.5
    • Causes of increase Cretinism pituitary adenoma primary hypothyroidism recovery phase of acute illness thyroid hormone resistance
    • Causes of decrease Acute illness glucocorticoids Grave's disease hyperthyroidism hypopituitarism levodopa
  37. Free T4
    • Free T4: Measures amt of total thyroxine that is not attached to anything. This hormone functions to increase CO, HR, RR, sympathetic activity and brain development
    • Normal: 0.9-2.4
    • Causes of increase Acute & chronic thyroiditis Amiodarone Beta-blockers Grave's disease hyperthyroidism Goiter iodine- induced hyperthyroidism
    • Causes of decrease Cretinism hypothyroidism malnutrition
  38. Triglycerides
    • Triglyceride: Major form of lipids in body
    • Normal: 70-150
    • Causes of increase ETOH beta-blockers renal failure cigarette smoking cirrhosis corticosteroids DM diuretics hypothyroidism obesity oral BC stress
    • Causes of decrease hyperthyroidism liver disease malabsorption malnutrition
  39. T3
    • Triodothyronine (T3): thyroid hormone that affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temp, HR.
    • Normal: 60-171
    • Causes of increase Estrogen therapy Grave's disease hyperthyroidism liver disease oral BC pregnancy T4 therapy
    • Causes of decrease Anabolic steroids chronic disease glucocorticoids hypoglycemia lithium malnutrition oral BC
  40. Troponin
    • Troponin I: proteins of cardiac muscle that provide the most specificity for cardiac injury
    • Normal: <0.04
    • Causes of increase cardiac surgery cardiac trauma CHF dilated cardiomyopathy MI myocarditis unstable angina prolonged SVT
  41. CO2
    • CO2 (venous): used to assess resp function
    • Normal: 35-45 (CV <20 or >60)
    • Causes of increase ETOH Barbituates Benzos Guillian-Barre syndrome MG resp acidosis resp failure
    • Causes of decrease chronic hyperventilation liver disease incorrect ventilator settings resp alkalosis sepsis
  42. Uric Acid
    • Uric Acid: created when the body braks down purine nucleotides.
    • Normal: 2.5-7.8
    • Causes of increase ETOH chemotherapy gout leukemia low-dose aspirin menopause radiation therapy renal failure thiazide diuretics
    • Causes of decrease Allopurinol liver disease high dose aspirin
  43. WBC
    • WBC: cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials.
    • Normal: <0.5 or >50
    • Causes of increase Anemia autoimmune systemic disease burns cancer inflammatory disease infection leukemia severe stress
    • Causes of decrease anemia bone marrow failure ETOH glucocorticoids hypersplenism liver disease sepsis SLE vit B12 deficiencies
Author
saturn1212
ID
243240
Card Set
Med Surg Lab values
Description
Lab values Med surg nur 243
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