-
affect the secreting cell itself. ie. autoinhibition of norepinephrine release from adrenergic
autocrine secretions
-
affects neightboring, ie. inflammatory response
paracrine secretions
-
released into the bloodstream and act on distant target tissues
Endocrine secretions
-
released onto the surface of the body, including the surface of the gut and other internalized surfaces
exocrine secretions
-
produced by one animals to communicate with another and can initiate a range of physiological responses
pheromones
-
calcitonin
- both an autocrine and paracrine secretion
- decreases Ca++,Mg++ and PO4 citrate in blood
- inhbits osteoclasts
- decreases absorbtion of CA++ n gut
- increases extretion of CA++
-
all animals secrete a cell coat called
glycocalyx
-
thick, slimy fluid composed of water, inorganic saltsm and mucin
mucus
-
fibrous protein found in the extracellular matrix and is the most abundant animal protein
collagen
-
apical portion of the cell sloughs off and the cell then reseals
apocrine secretion
-
the apical portion of the cell pinches off, and breaks open in the lumen of the gland
merocine secretion
-
entire cell is cast off and breaks up ot release its content, occurs in some insect and molluscan exocrine tissues
holocrine secretion
-
organs that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system and modulate body processes; thyroid gland,secretions called hormones
endocrine glands
-
secrete fluids through a duct onto the epithelial surface of the body;sweat glands
exocrine glands
-
hormones properties
synthesized by specific tissues or glands
secreted into the bloodstream, which carries them to their sites of action
change the activities of target tissues or organs
-
amino acids; example of all pituitary hormones
peptides, proteins and glycoproteins
-
derived from cholesterol; produced by various glands
steroid
-
modified amino acids
amines ie. thyroxin
-
produced by the metabolism of arachidonicacid
eicosenoids
-
secretion of hormones from some endocrine tissues is regulated by
neurohormones
-
neurohormones are produced by specialized neurons called
neurosecretory cells
-
neurosecretory cells are similar to neurons except
secretory vesicles are 100-400 nm in diameter, ordinary are 30-60 nm. normal neurons use both fast and slow axonal transport neurosecretory use only fast.
-
stain orange or red with acid dyes, secrete growth hormone and prolactin
acidophils
-
stain blue with basic dyes, secrete ACTH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
basophils
-
thyroid hormones affect the development and maturation of various mammalian vertebrate only when
synergistic actions in the presence of growth hormones
-
associated with a loss of pancreatic Beta0 cell mass, leads to diminished or decreased insulin production and secretion
type I diabetes mellitus
-
associated with defective signal reception in the insulin pathways, leads to hyperglycemia and glycosuria
type II diabetes mellitus
-
Growth hormone inhibiting GIH
somatostatin
-
growth hormones counter acts
hypoglycemia
-
insulin counteracts
hyperglycemia
-
symptoms of diabetes
- excessive thirst
- excessive urination
- feeling very hungry
- losing weight without trying
- dry, itchy skin
- losing feeling in feet or tingling in feet
- blurry eyesight
-
cholesterol is first converted to progesterone then transformed into
androgen
-
estrogens most potent
estradiol-17 beta
-
the production and secretion of the steroid sex hormones are promoted by
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone and LH leuteinizing hormone
-
follicular phase
begins with the release of FSH, stimulates development of 15-20 ovarian follicles
-
luteal phase
begins with ovulation. estrogen secretion declines and LH tranforms the ruptured follicle into a temp endocrine tissue; corpus luteum
-
2nd messengers
cAMP, Ca++,CGMP,IP3,DG
-
vesicles
100-400 nm in diameter
-
1 molecule of glucagon can release
10,000 glucose molecules
-
piuitary glands
- GH
- ACTH
- FSH female
- FSH male
- LH
- prolactin
- ICSH
- TSH
-
tropic
act on other endocrine tissues
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