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Battle of Gettysburg
- Robert E. Lee vs George Gordon Meade
- 165.000 men fought, 50,000+ died
- South had advantage, but didn't strike fast enough
- South sent for reinforcements, but they were not enough
- North victory
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Vicksburg
- General Pemberton vs General Grant
- North victory
- Gained control of Mississippi River
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Shenandoah
- Philip Sheridan led march in Shenandoah Valley
- Aimed to break spirit of civilian South
- Burned mills, barns, etc
- Told men to leave them "nothing but their eyes to weep with"
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"March to the Sea"
- Sherman abandoned supply lines after burning Atlanta
- Led 25 day march to Savannah
- Travelled lightly, looted when they needed supplies
- Cut path of destruction 300 miles long, 60 miles wide
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Appomattox Courthouse
- Robert E. Lee's surrender to Grant
- Respectful and calm
- Grant was generous with terms of surrender
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Wade Davis Plan
- Lincoln's plan for reunion did not satisfy Republicans- Wanted to require a majority of white males in the state's approval instead of 1/10
- Each southern state needed a new constitution
- No one could vote unless they took ironclad oath promising past and future loyalty
- Impossible for a southern state to do this for years
- Passed through Congress, but Lincoln didn't sign
- Offered choice between this and his plan
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John Wilkes Booth
- Confederate patriot and successful actor
- Assassinated Lincoln in Ford's Theater
- Caught and killed, but rumored to be still alive afterward
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Proclamation of Amnesty
- Lincoln's original plan for reunion
- Granted pardon to almost all southerners
- 1/10 of voters take oath to support constitution and abolish slavery
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Black Codes
- Slaves were free, but codes strictly limited freedom
- Could not vote, marry whites, could only be witnesses in trial involving other blacks
- Limited to agricultural/service jobs
- Fine for vagrancy (wandering without a job)
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Thaddeus Stevens
- Radical Republican leader in House of Representatives
- Humanitarian without humanity
- Hated all slave owners passionately
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Joint Committee of Fifteen
- Johnson was to continue lenient reunion policies
- Congress opposed, created a joint committee to keep South out of Congress
- Led by Thaddeus Stevens
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Freedmen's Bureau
- Extended by Joint Committee of Fifteen
- Rebuilt south after war
- Handed out free meals to black and white refugees
- Built hospitals, schools, colleges
- Johnson would not sign because it would recognize power of Joint Committee
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Civil Rights Bills
- Allowed federal government to interfere with states' affairs to protect civil rights
- Johnson failed to pass because of Democratic states' rights ideals
- Angered both moderate and radical Republicans
- Overrode Johnson's vetoes of this and Freedmen's bureau
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Tenure of Office
- President could not dismiss any public official without consent of Senate
- Johnson thought it was unconstitutional, tried to dismiss his Secretary of War, Stanton, his political enemy
- Gave Radicals chance to try to impeach Johnson
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Impeachment
- Process for removing the president if he was convicted of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors
- House of Representatives must impeach first, then president is tried by Senate, which must reach a 2/3 majority
- Congress tried to impeach Johnson, but was one Senate vote short
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Carpetbags
- New popular and cheap form of luggage made form scraps of used carpets
- Used by everyone, was an easy way to spot travelers
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