aniphys Ch 8 the structural and functional organization of the Nervous system

clusters of neuronal somata

neuronal somata that are organized around a mass of nerve processes called

information is exchanged among ganglia through trunks of axons called

series of of ganglia and connectives

coalescence of neurons at the anterior end of the animal, where many sensory recpetors are located

brain of the octopus contain how many neurons

vertebrate nervous systems can be divided into

contains most of the neuronal somata, it encompasses the entire structure of all interneurons

within the CNS collections of somata of neurons with similar functions are called

within CNS bundles of axons extending form somata are called

bundles of axons from sensory and motor neurons; ganglia that contain the somata of some autonomic neurons; and ganglia that contain the somata of most sensory neurons. found in PNS

Afferent nerves

Efferent nerves

Efferent output from CNS can be divided

voluntary system, motor neurons control skeletal muscles to produce voluntary movement

efferent neurons that modulate the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscles and the secretory activity of glands. heartbeat, digestion, temperature regulation

spinal cord divided into

outer region of the spinal cord named for the shiny appearance of the myelin sheth

centrally located area of the spinal cord contains the somata and dendrites of interneurons and motor neurons, as well as the axons and presynaptic terminals of neurons

has similar composition of blood plasma

afferent axons enter the CNS through the __ on each side of the spinal cord. sensory signals into spinal cord

efferent nerve-fibers carry information out eh CNS through the

somata of spinal motor neurons are located in the ventral gray matter called the

somata of inter-neurons that receive and transmit sensory information are located in the dorsal gray matter called the

afferent axons that synapse onto sensory interneurons within the cord arise from sensory receptor whose somata are located in
contain all unipolar cells that form special receptor endinging in periphery

brains sturctures most twoard the tail

brain structures most towrds the forehead

most caudal part of the brain, where the brain joins the spinal cord. controls respiration and autonomic functions. also recieves and relays sensory information from several modalities

dorsal to the medulla, consist of a pair of hemispheres. contributes to the coordination of motor output, compares and integrates information about muscle stretch positions of joints. nerve signals leave help maintain posture and produce limb accurate movements

consists of fiber tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain

located in the pons, receives and integrates visual and tactile and auditory inputs

multilayered collection of cells on the outer surface of the cerebrum

major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling, serves as relay station for sensory input. under the lateral ventricles

processes information and organizes output that is related to emotions

includes a number of centers that control functions related to survival of the individual; temperature regulation, eating, drinking, sexual appetite

in the hypothalamus controls water and electrolyte balance and secretory activity of the pituitary gland

first step in development  of the brain three expanded vesicles

autonomic nervous system  divided into

when an animal is in relaxed or sleeping state without impinging stimuli the

when an animal is active or frightened, housekeeping functions are inhibited and physical exertion is enhanced

all preganglionic neurons are

neurotransmitter of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons is

the neurotransmitter of sympathetic postganglionic neurons is

articulation only in one hemisphere left in over 90% humans

telencephalon contains

cervcal nerve

thoracic nerves

lumbar nerves

sacral nerves

coccygeal nerve

fascilulus gracilis

fascilulus cuneatus

contains cerebrospinal fluid

voluntary movements