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Environmental Refugees
People forced to leave their homes when the environment can no longer support them
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Life Expectancy
Average number of years a newborn can expect to live
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Infant and Childhood Mortality
The annual number of infants under the age of 1 who die per 1,000 live births
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Why is the education of females considered the single most influential investment that can be made in the developing world?
The more educated a person is, the fewer children they have, and later in life
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Demographic Transition
- The movement of a nation from a high population growth to a low population growth, as it develops economically. 4 stages:
- 1. Birth and death rates are both high
- 2. Death rates fall, but birth rates remain high
- 3. As economic development improves the standard of living, birth rates fall
- 4. The growth rate reaches zero and nation's population stabilizes
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Demographic Trap
Situation when death rate decreases because of improved sanitation and medicine, but living standards do not improve which reinforce a high fertility rate
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Pronatalist Population Policy
- Where fertility rates are near or below replacement levels (developed world)
- Encourage increased fertility, higher birth rate, and a larger family size
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Antinatalist Population Policy
- Where are are high growth rates (developing world)
- Encourages lower fertility, lower birth rate, and smaller family size
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According to the fossil record, how long has our species, Homo sapiens, been around? Hominids?
- Homo sapiens - 40,000-50,000 years
- Hominids - 3-4 million years ago
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How did agriculture change life for humans and lead to an increase in our population growth? About how long ago did humans learn to cultivate our own food (agriculture)?
- The size of the groups grew and having numerous children did not present the same practical problems that existed for nomadic women.
- About 10,000 years ago
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What are some of the reasons why moving into cities have increased our impact on the environment?
- Food wastes were no longer returned to the soil and the soil became less productive
- Wastes were often dumped into rivers and streams, or just thrown on the ground
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Why did the human population grow rapidly during the early years of the Industrial Revolution?
Children were seen as valuable sources of cheap labor by both parents and employers
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3 factors why the population of the industrialized world dropped significantly around 1900.
- 1. The Industrial Revolution led to a rise in the standard of living
- 2. Safe and inexpensive means of birth control
- 3. Increase in the cost of child rearing meant having more children yielded fewer material benefits
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What factors go into determining the Ecological Footprint?
- 1. Produce all the resources we consume - for food, fuel, clothing, transportation, etc.
- 2. Absorb the waste we generate
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Macronutrients
- Needed by the body in large amounts
- - Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
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Micronutrients
- Substances the body needs in small, even trace amounts
- - Vitamins and minerals
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Essential Amino Acids
9/20 amino acids cannot be synthesized by our bodies and have to come from our diet
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Food Security
The ability of a nation to provide enough food to keep its people alive and healthy
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Carryover Stocks
- The total amount of grain in storage when the new harvest begins
- Minimum of 70 day carryover stocks needed to ensure food security
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Aquaculture
The controlled production of fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweeds in ocean pens and inland ponds and tanks
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Green Revolution
Significantly increased the amount of food calories produced per acre of agriculture
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Undernutrition
Consumption of too few calories and protein over a prolonged period
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Malnutrition
Consumption of too little of specific nutrients essential for good health
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How many calories does the average person need each day? Men (19-51+)? Women (19-51+)?
- Avg. Person - 2,400 calories
- Men - 2,300-2,900 calories
- Women - 1,900-2,200 calories
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How does our body use each of the following: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
- Carbs - Main source of energy
- Fats - 2nd source of energy, cell membranes, and protect internal organs and insulation
- Proteins - Muscles, organs, enzymes, and antibodies
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What are the top 4 plants that we depend on for our diet (in order)? The 3 major cereal grains?
- 4 Plants - Wheat, rice, maize, and potatoes
- 3 Cereal - Wheat, rice, and maize (corn)
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What % of the grains produced worldwide is used to feed livestock? In the US? How does this relate to world hunger? Which animal takes the least amount of grain to produce a pound of weight gain - beef, pork, chicken?
- Worldwide - 40%
- US - 11%
- Hunger - The rest of the land is too wet, dry, cold, hot, poor in nutrients, etc. to produce grains to feed livestock.
- Animal - Chicken or turkey
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Why would eating less meat reduce the shortage of food in the world?
We would be able to devote less grain to animals and more to people
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What percentage of Earth's land area can be used easily to produce food?
11%
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What is causing a reduction in the land devoted to grain production? (5 trends)
- 1. Loss of irrigation water
- 2. Expansion of deserts
- 3. Conversion of arable land to non-farm use
- 4. Shift to higher value fruits and vegetables
- 5. Loss of rural labor
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What are the 4 most productive areas in the aquatic/marine ecosystems?
- 1. Estuaries
- 2. Offshore continental shelves
- 3. Costal wetlands
- 4. Coral reefs
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Why are some fishing techniques considered efficient but wasteful?
Dragging - Capture desired fish, but also undesired and undersized fish
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What were the 4 reasons given to explain why there is hunger in the world of plenty?
- 1. Poverty
- 2. Environmental Degradation
- 3. Civil War and Unrest
- 4. Natural Disasters
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How can we promote food security? (6 suggestions)
- 1. Modify the diet of people in the MCDs
- 2. Improve management of ocean fisheries
- 3. Add new plants to the human diet
- 4. Preserve the genetic diversity of food crops and livestock
- 5. Increase yields through aquaculture
- 6. Increase yields through biotechnology
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Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion or movement
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Potential Energy
Stored energy
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Hydraulic Fracturing - "Fracking"
A mixture of water, chemicals, and particulate matter (usually sand) is pumped into a well at high pressure to create fractures in the shale, allow the gas to escape
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What are the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics? Why are processes that convert energy from one form to another always less than 100%?
- 1st Law - Energy can neither be created or destroyed, but ti can be changed or converted in form
- 2nd Law - Conversion of energy from one form to another always involves a change or degradation from a higher quality to a lower quality form
- Heat is always given off every time energy is converted from 1 form to another
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5 Types of Fossil Fuels and how they are used.
- Coal - Generate electricity
- Petroleum - Gas, motor oil, jet fuel, plastics, medicines, etc.
- Natural Gas - Heating, stoves, hot water heaters, dryers
- Oil Shale - Low-grade power generation and heating
- Tar Sands - Refined into oil
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What are the 3 factors that are needed to convert peat to coal?
Heat, pressure, and time
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Why is anthracite coal preferred over bituminous coal? Which is the most abundant?
- Anthracite - "Hard coal," Highest carbon content and lowest amount of water, most efficient, cleanest, preferred for heating homes and buildings
- Bituminous - "Soft coal," heating values are lower, preferred for generating electricity
- Abundant - Bituminous
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What is the primary use for coal both in the US and globally?
Generate electricity
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What are some of the uses for petroleum besides fuels?
Plastics, medicines, ink, lotions, make-up, insect repellent, dishwashing liquid, etc.
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What are some of the concerns about drilling for natural gas using hydraulic fracturing?
- Uses high volumes of water
- Possible contaminations of ground water
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Why are tar sands and oil shale not considered efficient sources of energy?
- 1 barrel of crude oil needed to produce 1 barrel of shale oil - 1:1
- 1 barrel of crude oil needed to produce 3 barrels of heavy oil from tar sands - 1:3
- Very expensive
- Lots of water
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Why is the use of coal considered to have the most serious environmental impacts? Which fossil fuel is considered the cleanest? Why? What are the concerns regarding petroleum?
- Combustion of coal - Releases carbon dioxide, releases sulfur compounds (acid rain), and releases heavy metals (mercury, lead)
- Natural Gas - When burned, coal releases 40% more CO2 and oil releases 30% more CO2, contains less nitrogen and sulfur oxides
- Petroleum - Releases CO2, surfur and nitrogen oxides, and releases CO
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Why is there concern regarding our dependence on imported oil? In 2005, about how many barrels of oil did the US use daily? What % of that came from foreign sources? What is the global daily consumption of petroleum?
- Concern - Effects and threats to our economy and security
- 2005 - 20 million barrels
- Foreign - 54%
- Oil Consumption - 80 million barrels/day
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What is the ISEW and what does it measure? What is the correlation between happiness and the GDP in developed countries?
- Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
- Measures the success and wealth of a country on not just its annual GDP, but also the quality of life that citizens enjoy
- As GDP increases, happiness increases as well
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What is the UN's forecast for the world's population of humans in 2030?
About 8 million people
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By-Catch
Unintentionally catching a species while trying to fish for another
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Pirate Fishing
- Illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing
- Accounts for around 20% of the world's catch and as much as 50% in some fisheries
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Explain Area-based fisheries, closed areas, and mixed zoning
- Area Based - Aims to rebuild fish stocks, have control over a smaller, more local, and responsive bodies of water
- Closed - Close all or part of the threatened fish habitat to fishing, resulted in increases in fish populations
- Mixed Zoning - Areas that are open and some are closed, fishers aren't allowed to use mobile gear
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Differences between commercial fishing and aquaculture.
- Commercial Fishing - Supplies food for consumers and food-based businesses, fisheries and markets make money, and fulfill human want and need
- Aquaculture - Breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals in all types of water environments
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What % of our oil is imported? Which countries are our 2 largest suppliers?
- Imported - 40%
- Suppliers - Canada and Saudia Arabia
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Of the estimated US reserved of oil, are more found onshore or offshore?
Offshore
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What are the 3 types of muds (drilling fluids) used in offshore drilling? How are they disposed?
- Oil Based - Diesel or mineral oil
- Water Based
- Synthetic Based
- Disposed either in onshore oil field waste sites or is injected into disposal wells at sea
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What percentage of global freshwater usage is attributed to agriculture?
72%
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What are 3 benefits of organic farming? What are 4 environmental benefits?
- 3 Benefits - Environmental benefits, human rights, and feeding the world
- 4 Environmental - Increase soil productivity, decrease chemicals, decrease fossil fuels burned, and increase biodiversity
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Describe the 6 ecosystem services.
- Protection
- Air Purification
- Pollination (necessary for food)
- Climate Regulation
- Waste Regulation
- Aesthetic
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What is the annual estimated monetary value of ecosystem services worldwide?
$33 Trillion
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Perpetual Energy
Energy from sources that are essentially inexhaustible
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5 types of perpetual alternative sources of energy? Advantages and disadvantages of each? Give examples of each. What 4 of these based directly or indirectly on solar energy
- Solar Energy - Adv (No boilers, turbines, non-polluting), Dis (Intermittent in places, large amt of land for solar panels), Passive/Active Solar System, PV cells
- Wind Power - Adv (clean), Dis (unreliable spd of 13mph, bird kills), Wind turbines
- Hydropower - Adv (Clean, dams are multipurpose - flood control, electricity), Dis (Prevents free-flowing rivers, dams collect silt, flooding land to create reservoirs), Dams and Hydroelectric Plants
- Geothermal Energy - Adv (Favorable than fossil fuel or nuclear energy, moderate costs), Dis (Nonrenewable on human scale, few easily accessible deposits), The Earth
- Ocean Power - Adv. (non-polluting, free), Dis (Large turbines reduce current flow, death of fish), Wave power stations, current turbines, tidal turbines)
- Solar Energy - Solar Energy, Wind Power, Hydropower, and Ocean Power
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