-
How give common name to simple alkyl halides
- 1st word:
- alkyl substituent
- 2nd word: halide ("ide"-form)
-
What is the common name?
CH 3CH 2CH 2Cl
propyl chloride
-
What is the common name?
CH 3Br
methyl bromide
-
What is the common name?
tert-butyl iodide
-
What is the common name?
sec-butyl floride
-
What makes a good leaving group in nucleophilic substitution?
- same 4 effects that stabilize a conjugate base, aslo stabilize the leaving group in nucleophilic substitution:
- elemental effect
- resonance
- inductive
- hybridization
-
What makes a good nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution?
- Negatively charged species are stronger than neutral
- stronger base = stronger nucleophile
-
Sn2 mechanism favors ______ and ______ R-X
1° and methyl
-
Alkyl halides have _______ bp's and mp's than alkanes having the same number of carbons.
higher
-
RX is ________ in organic solvents and _________ in water.
soluble, insoluble
-
______ leaving groups for nucleophilic substitution:
Cl- Br- I- H2O
good
-
_____ leaving groups for nucleophilic substitution:
F-, -OH, -NH2, H-, R-
poor
-
bases attack ______ and nucleophiles attack _______-_________ ________.
protons, electron-deficient atoms (usually carbons)
-
Right-to-left across a row of the period table, nucleophilicity ________ as basicity ________.
increases, increases
-
As the number of R groups on the carbon with leaving group increases, the rate of an Sn2 reaction _________. Why?
decreases, because steric hinderence caused by bulky R groups makes nucleophilic attacks from back more difficult.
-
As the number of R groups on the carbon with the leaving group increases, the rate of an Sn1 reaction _______. Why?
increases, because stability of intermediate carbocation formed is more stable with more R groups attached.
-
How does inductive effect stabilize carbocation?
electron donating R groups stabilize the positive charge through the bonds. (more R groups, the better)
-
Transition states in endothermic reactions resemble the ________.
products
-
Transition states in exothermic reactions resemble the ________.
reactants
|
|
