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What is personality?
The relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that influences the way an individual interacts with his or her environment
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What is the five-factor model of personality?
- 1. Extraversion
- 2. Emotional Stability/Neuroticism
- 3. Agreeableness
- 4. Conscientiousness
- 5. Openness to Experience
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What is Extraversion?
this is the extent to which a person is outgoing versus shy
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What is Emotional Stability/Neuroticism?
the degree which a person has appropriate emotional control
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What is Agreeableness?
the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable
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What is Conscientiousness?
the degree to which a person Is responsible and achievement-oriented
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What is Openness to Experience?
the extent to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas
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What's the Locus of control?
A set of beliefs about whether one’s behavior is controlled mainly by internal or external forces
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What is High internals?
believe that the opportunity to control their own behavior resides within themselves
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What is High external?
believe that external forces determine their behavior
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What is self-monitoring?
The extent to which people observe and regulate how they appear and behave in social settings and relationships
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What is self-esteem?
the degree to which a person has a positive self-evaluation
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What is behavioural Plasticity theory?
People with low self-esteem tend to be more susceptible to external and social influences than those who have high self-esteem
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What is positive affinity?
Propensity to view the world, including oneself and other people, in a positive light
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What is negative affinity?
Propensity to view the world, including oneself and other people, in a negative light
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What is proactive behaviour?
Taking initiative to improve current circumstances or creating new ones
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What is proactive personality?
A stable personal disposition that reflects a tendency to take personal initiative across a range of activities and situations and to effect positive change in one’s environment
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What is general self-efficacy?
A general trait that refers to an individual’s belief in his or her ability to perform successfully in a variety of challenging situations
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What is core self-evaluations?
A broad personality concept that consists of more specific traits that reflect the evaluations people hold about themselves and their self-worth
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What is Learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior potential that occurs due to practice or experience
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What is Operant Learning?
Learning by which the subject learns to operate in the environment to achieve certain consequences
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What is Reinforcement?
The process by which stimuli strengthen behavior
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What is positive reinforcement?
The application or addition of a stimulus that increases or maintains the probability of some behavior
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What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of a stimulus that in turn increases or maintains the probability of some behavior
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What are organizational errors involving reinforcements?
- 1. Confusing Rewards with Reinforcers
- 2. Neglecting Diversity in Preferences for Reinforcers
- 3. Neglecting Important Sources of Reinforcement
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What is performance feedback?
Providing quantitative or qualitative information on past performance for the purpose of changing or maintaining performance in specific ways
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What is social recognition?
Informal acknowledgement, attention, praise, approval, or genuine appreciation for work well done from one individual or group to another
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What are reinforcement strategies?
- 1. Frequency of Reinforcement
- a. Continuous/Fast
- b. Partial/Acquisition
- 2. Delay of Reinforcement
- a. Short/Persistence
- b. Long
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What is extinction?
The gradual dissipation of behavior following the termination of reinforcement
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What is punishment?
The application of an aversive stimulus following some behavior designed to decrease the probability of that behavior
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How to use punishment effectively?
- Make sure the chosen punishment is truly aversive
- Punish immediately
- Do not reward unwanted behaviors before or after punishment
- Do not inadvertently punish desirable behavior
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How to increase the probability of behaviour?
Reinforcement
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How to reduce the probability of behaviour?
Extinction and punishment
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What are social cognitive theories?
- Observational Learning
- Self-efficacy
- Self-regulation
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What is Observational Learning?
The process of observing and limiting the behavior of others
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What is self-efficacy?
Beliefs people have about their ability to successfully perform a specific task
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What is self-regulation?
The Use of learning principles to regulate one’s behavior
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What is Organizational behaviour modification?
The systematic use of learning principles to influence organizational behavior
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what are employee recognition programs?
Formal organizational programs that publicly recognize and reward employees for specific behaviors
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What is training?
Planned organizational activities that are designed to facilitate knowledge and skill acquisition to change behavior and improve performance
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What is behaviour modelling training?
One of the most widely used and effective methods of training, involving five steps based on the observational learning component of social cognitive theory
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What is career development?
An ongoing process in which individuals progress through a series of stages that consist of a unique set of issues, themes, and tasks
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