COMM222 - Ch2

The relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that influences the way an individual interacts with his or her environment

• 1. Extraversion
• 2. Emotional Stability/Neuroticism
• 3. Agreeableness
• 4. Conscientiousness
• 5. Openness to Experience

this is the extent to which a person is outgoing versus shy

the degree which a person has appropriate emotional control

the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable

the degree to which a person Is responsible and achievement-oriented

the extent to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas

A set of beliefs about whether one’s behavior is controlled mainly by internal or external forces

believe that the opportunity to control their own behavior resides within themselves

believe that external forces determine their behavior

The extent to which people observe and regulate how they appear and behave in social settings and relationships

the degree to which a person has a positive self-evaluation

People with low self-esteem tend to be more susceptible to external and social influences than those who have high self-esteem

Propensity to view the world, including oneself and other people, in a positive light

Propensity to view the world, including oneself and other people, in a negative light

Taking initiative to improve current circumstances or creating new ones

A stable personal disposition that reflects a tendency to take personal initiative across a range of activities and situations and to effect positive change in one’s environment

A general trait that refers to an individual’s belief in his or her ability to perform successfully in a variety of challenging situations

A broad personality concept that consists of more specific traits that reflect the evaluations people hold about themselves and their self-worth

A relatively permanent change in behavior potential that occurs due to practice or experience

Learning by which the subject learns to operate in the environment to achieve certain consequences

The process by which stimuli strengthen behavior

The application or addition of a stimulus that increases or maintains the probability of some behavior

The removal of a stimulus that in turn increases or maintains the probability of some behavior

• 1. Confusing Rewards with Reinforcers
• 2. Neglecting Diversity in Preferences for Reinforcers
• 3. Neglecting Important Sources of Reinforcement

Providing quantitative or qualitative information on past performance for the purpose of changing or maintaining performance in specific ways

Informal acknowledgement, attention, praise, approval, or genuine appreciation for work well done from one individual or group to another

• 1. Frequency of Reinforcement
• a. Continuous/Fast
• b. Partial/Acquisition

• 2. Delay of Reinforcement
• a. Short/Persistence
• b. Long

The gradual dissipation of behavior following the termination of reinforcement

The application of an aversive stimulus following some behavior designed to decrease the probability of that behavior

•  Make sure the chosen punishment is truly aversive
•  Punish immediately
•  Do not reward unwanted behaviors before or after punishment
•  Do not inadvertently punish desirable behavior

Reinforcement

Extinction and punishment

• Observational Learning
• Self-efficacy
• Self-regulation

The process of observing and limiting the behavior of others

Beliefs people have about their ability to successfully perform a specific task

The Use of learning principles to regulate one’s behavior

The systematic use of learning principles to influence organizational behavior

Formal organizational programs that publicly recognize and reward employees for specific behaviors

Planned organizational activities that are designed to facilitate knowledge and skill acquisition to change behavior and improve performance

One of the most widely used and effective methods of training, involving five steps based on the observational learning component of social cognitive theory

An ongoing process in which individuals progress through a series of stages that consist of a unique set of issues, themes, and tasks