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Biogeography
- -the pattern of distribution of organisms
- -natural distribution
- --Distribution of animals WITH human influence.
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Ecology
- -the study of the interactions among organisms with everything else
- (what animals eats)
- (How they interact with environment)
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Biome
- -a collection of ecosystems distinguished by vegetative characteristics and climate
- -Based on plants because they do not get up and move like animals do.
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Ecosystem
- -a biological community and its physical environment
- -Within 1 biome there are many ecosystems
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Habitat
- -the natural environment in which an organism lives and thrives
- -Where it would naturally thrive on its' own.
- -Breed easily, accessible food, water, shelter, appropriate climate, etc.
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Niche
- -an organism's physiological adaptation to and interaction with its physical environment
- -Ex. Darwin's finches; beaks were adapted to a variety of environmental conditions
- -Ex. Artic Fox; small ears, white coat, small eyes, thick fur, changes color from white to brown, solitary, smelly
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Climate change and white coat animals
- -no snow but white animals
- -easier for predators to catch them
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2 Divisions of Animal geography
- 1. Historical
- -Vicariance animal geography
- -geographic isolation of animals
- -When animal populations get separated by: Humans, river, or long range geological change.
- 2. Ecological
- -current relationship between organism and environment
- -what features of environment restricts animal?
- -how/why are they distributed across the planet?
- -why does a species dominate a specific area?
- -why does a species move from one location to another?
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DNA evidence has put whales and dolphins into
- ungulates
- -animals with hooves
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Classes of animals
- 1. Mammals - 4785 species
- 2. Birds - 9721 species
- 3. Fishes - 25,777 species
- 4. Reptiles - 8,163 species
- 5. Amphibians - 5,400
- 6. Invertebrates - 1,300,000
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Invertebrates
- -animals without backbones
- -Ex. Protozoans, mollusks, Annelida, echinoderms, insects
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Amphibian
- -permeable skin
- -backbone
- -cold-blooded
- -part time in water and land
- -mature in water
- -breathe through skin and lungs
- -most affected by environmental conditions
- -Ex. frogs, salamanders, caecillian
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Reptiles
- -most have 4 legs
- -epidermal scales; protects skins and provides insulation
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Fishes
- -ectothermic
- -lateral line
- -gills
- -no eyelids
- -no external ears
- 1. Jawless fishes: no jaws, no stomachs
- 2. Cartilaginous fishes: true bone, cartilage skeleton; sharks, skates, rays
- 3. Bony fish: skeleton of bone
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Birds
- -generally classify by feathers
- -all birds have scaly feet and beaks
- -oviparous
- -endothermic
- -walks on two legs:bipedal
- -4 chambered heart
- -hallow bones
- -body systems are adapted to minimize weight
- -cloaca: one hole for everything
- -vast majority lack a sense of smell
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Mammals
- -live offspring
- -mammary glands:Nipples
- -Earbones:3, provides balance
- -warm-blooded
- -hair
- -have 4 or 3 chambered heart
- -diaphram
- 1. Montremes: lay eggs
- -platypus
- 2. Marsupials: undeveloped young
- -red kangaroo:waits until conditions are right
- -virgina opossum
- 3. Placentals: develop internally
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Dental formula importance
- -teeth are most important aspect of living animals
- -teeth represents trophic level
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Faunal regions
- -Major geographic biomes
- 1. Paleartic
- -Northern Old World
- 2. Neoartic
- -North America and Greenland
- -smallest number of all fauna families
- 3. Neotropic
- -greatest number of endemic species
- -South America
- 4. Ethiopian
- -subsaharan africa
- -greateest familial diversity
- 5. Oceanic
- -islands of pacific ocean
- 6. Oriental
- -indian sub continent
- 7. Australian
- -australia, new guinea
- -most unique species, marsupials
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Continental drift has a lot to do with
dispersal
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marsupials originated in
north america
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camels originated in
north america
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Dispersal types
- 1. Active
- -moved on its own power
- 2. Passive
- -Organism didn't actively move on its own, something carried it
- Ex. flea on dog, bird drops fish, humans moving things
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Faunal interchanges
- -long term species dispersal
- 1. Filter
- -pathway allowing some animals to move & restricting others from moving through
- -Great American Biotic interchage
- -From North to South animals moved;dogs bears, deers
- -From South to North, only mammals were porcupines and possums to survive
- -filter didnt allow some animals
- 2. Sweeptakes
- -animal got lucky
- -pathway allowing very few individual animals
- Ex. animal ends up somewhere new because of current and swam; Australia to New Guinea or Africa to Madagascar
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Center of origin
- -where the species originate
- -the earliest known fossil evidence for a group
- -a fossil history of its ancestor is found in a particular zone
- -where you find the greatest number of the species, means you are close to its center of origin
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Extinction
- -the total loss of a species
- -more extinct species than living species
- -natural process
- -humans sped up the process
- -Ex. Yangtzee River Dolphin and Passenger Pigeon
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