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cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration makes ATP and consumes O2
- breaking down molecules (glucose) for energy
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cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energyyy
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metabolic pathway in cellular respiration
- 1.Glycolysis
- 2.Breakdownof pyruvate to an acetyl group
- 3.Citric acid cycle
- 4.Oxidative phosphorylation
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what is reduced and oxidized in cellular respiration
- O2 reduced to H2O
- C6H12O6 oxidized to 6CO2
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steps in glycolysis
- 1.Energy investment - use 2 atp (and glucose)
- 2.Cleavage - glucose into 2 3 carbon molecules
- 3.Energy liberation - 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP
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enzymes of glycolysis
- Hexokinase
- Phosphoglucose Isomerase
- Phosphofructokinase
- Aldolase
- Triose Phosphate Isomerase
- Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase
- Phosphoglyceromutase
- Enolase
- Pyruvate Kinase
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Breakdown of Pyruvate (Preparatory Step)
- in MATRIX
- CO2 removed (released)
- turned into acytl coA
- 1 NADH produced
*this is for each pyruvate
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locations
- glycolosis - cytoplasm
- prep phase - matrix
- kreb cycle - matrix
- ETC - inner cristae
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Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
- Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form citrate or citric acid
- releases 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
** this is for each acytl coA
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Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)
- requires oxygen
- Can accept and donate electrons
- Movement of electrons generates H+ electrochemical gradien
- Excess of positive charges outside of matrix
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how many ATP made from NADH and FADH2
- NADH = 3 ATP
- FADH2 = 2 ATP
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phosphorylation: ATP synthase
- H+ on outside can only pass through ATP synthase, energy is harnessed to make ATP
- (spins and joins P to ADP)
(Chemiosmosis)
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ETC oxidation equation
NADH > NAD+ + H+ + 2e-
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ETC reduction equation
- 2e- + 2H+ + 1/2 O2 > H2O
- oxygen is last electron acceptor
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anaerobic metabolism
Produce ATP only via substrate-level phosphorylation
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fermentation
only via glycolysis
- Muscle cells produce lactate (lactic acid)
- Yeast make ethanol
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secondary metabolism
- Primary metabolism- essential for cell structure and function
- Secondary metabolism- synthesis of secondary metabolites that are not necessary for cell structure and growth
- Roles in defense, attraction, protection, competition
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