med vocab ch 12-13.txt

• (CNS)
• The brain and spinal cord

Part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium

Connects the brain the spinal cord, assists in breathing, heart rhythm, vision & consciousness

Part of the brainstem that connects the brain & the spinal cord, controls sensory processes

Part of the brainstem that connects the brain & the spinal cord, controls respiration & heartbeat

• (mesencephalon)
• Part of the brainstem that connects the brainstem to the cerebellum, controls sensory processes

Posterior portion of the brain that coordinates the voluntary muscles & maintains balance & muscle tone

Largest & uppermost portion of the brain, divided into right & left halves (called cerebral hemispheres) & subdivided into lobes

Outer layer of the cerebrum, controls higher mental function

Front portion of the cerebrum that controls higher mental function

Raised convolution on the surface of the cerebrum

Back portion of the cerebrum that controls vision

Middle-top portion of the cerebrum involved in perception of touch, temperature & pain

Groove/fissure on the surface of the brain

Portion of the cerebrum below the frontal lobe, controls senses of hearing & smell as well as memory, emotion, speech & behavior

• (hypophysis)
• Area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus & pituitary gland, responsible for directing sensory information to the cortex

• (CSF)
• Colorless fluid that circulates in & around the brain & spinal cord, acts as a protector & transports nutrients

Membranous covering of the brain & spinal cord

Delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle layer of the meninges

Strong fibrous membrane forming the middle layer of the meninges

Thin inner layer of the meninges that attaches directly to the brain & spinal cord

Portion of the central nervous system contained in the spinal or vertebral canal, responsible for nerve conduction to & from the brain & body

One of four interconnected cavities within the brain that secreted cerebrospinal fluid

Part of the nervous system external to the brain & spinal cord that consists of all other nerves throughout the body

Whitish cordlike structure that transmits stimuli from the central nervous system to another area of the body or from the body to the central nervous system

Group of nerve cell bodies located along the pathway of a nerve

• (Glia)
• Cells that support & protect nervous tissue

Nerve cells, cells that make up the basic structure of the nervous system & conduct impulses

The 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the cranium

The 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine

Cerebellum (little brain)

Brina, cerebrum

Cortex (cerebral cortex)

Cranium, skull

Hard, dura mater

Entire brain

Sensation, perception

Ganglion

Glue, neuroglia

Meninges

Bone marrow, spinal cord

Stupor, numbness, sleep

Nerve

Speech

Gray

Nerve root

Sleep

Spine

Vertebra

Thalamus

Ventricle

Fear, worry

To wander in one's mind

Sleep, hypnosis

Mind, mental

Split

Social, society

Mind, soul, emotion

On, following

Half

Above, excessive

Below, deficient

Beside

Many, much

Four

Two, twice

Away from, cessation, without

Good, normal

Pertaining to

Record, recording

Condition of

Seizure

One who secializes in

Parital or incomplete paralysis

The mind

Paralysis

Incision

One who specializes in

Excited state, obsession

Attraction for

Abnormal fear, aversion to, sensitivity to

Having two ends or extremes

Pt cerebrum

Pt cerebellum

Pt cranium/skull

Pt dura mater

Pt on or outside hte dura mater

Pt glia

Pt caused by a stroke/seizure

Pt lack of blood flow

Pt meninges

Pt mind

Pt nerves or any structure consisting of nerves

Pt following a seizure

Pt root (nerve)

Pt below dura mater

A degenerative progressive brain disease that results in impairment of language function, inability to calculate & deterioration of judgement

Loss of long-term memory

• ALS
• Lou Gehrig disease
• Condition marked by a progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells, leads to muscle weakness & eventually paralysis & death

Impaired comprehension or formulation of speech, reading, or writing caused by damage to the brain

Lack of muscle coordination, may involve the limbs, head or trunk

Paralysis of facial muscles, often on one side of the face, caused by a dysfunction of a cranial nerve

Widening of a blood vessel in the brain, usually due to a weakness in the wall of the artery

Defect of motor power & coordination related to damage to the brain that occurred prenatally, or in the first 3 yrs of life

Clot within a blood vessel of the brain

Damage to the brain caused by an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain

A state of profound unconsciousness

Injury to the brain resulting from a blow or violent shaking

Loss of sense of familiarity with one's surrounding (time, place & self)

Inflammation of the entire brain

Disorder of the central nervous system that is usually characterized by seizure activity & some alteration of consciousness

Painful viral infection that affects the peripheral nerves & causes an eruption of blisters that follows the course of the affected nerves, closely related to varicella

Confusion, denoting unconnected speech or thoughts

A feeling of sluggishness or stupor

Partial or incomplete paralysis affecting one side of the body

A condition involving increased cerebrospinal fluid, leads to enlargement of the cerebral ventricles & an increase in intracranial pressure, may cause cranial enlargement

Recurrent syndrome characterized by unilateral head pain, vertigo, nausea & sensitivity to light

Common disorder of the central nervous system that causes sclerotic patches (plaques) in the brain & spinal cord, symptoms may include visual loss, weakness, paresthesisas, bladder abnormalities & mood alterations

• (Excessive sleep disorder)
• Neurologic condition consisting of recurring episodes of sleep during the day & often disrupted nocturnal sleep

Pain in a nerve

Inflammation of nerve

Disease of nerves

Paralysis of the legs & lower part of the body

An abnormal sensation, such as numbness, tingling or pins & needles

• Parkinson's Disease
• Degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills & speech, most notably characterized by tremors of the limbs

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Inflammation of a number of peripheral nerves

Inflammation of the nerve roots

Disease of the nerve roots

Violent spasm or series of jerky movements of the face, trunk or limbs

Disorder marked by interruptions of breathing during sleep

State of impaired consciousness in which the person shows a marked reduction in reactivity to environmental stimuli

A collection of blood below the dura mater resulting from a broken blood vessel, usually due to trauma

• Syncopal episode
• Fainting or an episode of fainting, usually due to lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

Tic disorder characterized by intermittent motor & vocal manifestations that begins in childhood

• (TIA)
• Sudden, brief & temporary cerebral dysfunction usually caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain

Feeling of fear, worry uneasiness or dread

• (ADHD)
• Condition that begins in childhood & is characterized by short attention span, rapid boredom, impulsive behavior & hyperactivity

Type of mental disorder with an irrational fear of leaving home & going out into the open, usually associated with panic attacks

Disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, withdrawal of social contracts, repetitive movements & other mannerisms, severity varies from mild (functional) to severe (catatonic)

Disorder characterized by the occurrence of alternating periods of euphoria (mania) & depression

A phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive, sometimes remaining in a fixed position without moving or talking

Fear of being shut in or enclosed

Uncontrollable impulses to perform an act, often repetitively, to relieve anxiety, if the compulsive act is prevented, the anxiety becomes fully manifested

An altered state with confusion, distractibility, hallucinations & over activity caused by medication or a metabolic disorder

A false belief or decision that is strongly held & remains unchanged regardless of any outside factors

Usually progressive loss of cognitive & intellectual functions , without impairment of perception or consciousness, most commonly associated with structural brain disease

Mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness & lack of interest or pleasure in activities

An exaggerated feeling of well-being

False perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli, can be visual, auditory or related to other senses

Emotional disorder characterized by euphoria or irritability as well as rapid speech, decreased need for sleep, distractibility & poor judgment, usually occurs in bipolar disorder

Psychological or behavioral disorder characterized by excessive anxiety

• (OCD)
• Condition associated with recurrent & intrusive thoughts, images & repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety

Form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear of social or personal situations

Mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm

Extreme persistent fear of a specific object or situation

• (PTSD)
• Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening catastrophic events such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters & war

Mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions & hallucinations

Common type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thought, hallucinations & delusions & withdrawn or bizarre behavior

Toe movement elicited by manipulation in a neurologic test performed on the sole of the foot to indicate injury to the brain or spinal nerves

Radiography of blood vessels in the brain after injection of radiopaque contrast material

• (DTR)
• Evaluation of the response of a muscle to stimuli to provide info on the integrity of the CNS & PNS, generally decreased reflexes indicate a problem with the PNS & lively or exaggerated reflexes indicate problem with the CNS

• (EEG)
• Electrical recording of activity of the brain

Diagnostic tests that use an EEG to record changes in brain waves during various stimuli

A neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness

• (LP)
• Process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis

• (MRI)
• Imaging technique that uses magnetic fields & radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures, often used for diagnosing soft tissue

Radiographic contrast study of the spinal subarachnoid space & its contents

Monitoring & recording of normal/abnormal activity during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders

• (PET)
• A nuclear medicine procedure that shows blood flow in the brain that can correspond to various brain activity

Excision of part of the cranium to access the brain

Incision into the skull to access the brain

Excision of a ganglion

Excision of the thin plate of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord

Separation of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions

Surgical repair of the nerves

General term for an interaction in which a trained mental health professional tries to help a patient resolve emotional & mental distress

• (Rhizotomy)
• Incision into the spinal nerve roots to relieve pain/spastic paralysis

Drug that relieves pain

Compound that provides temporary loss of sensation

• (Anxiolytic)
• Category of drugs used to treat anxiety without causing excessive sedation

Drug that prevents/arrests seizures

Drug used to treat depression

Drug that reduces inflammation

SubQ/IM injection of an analgesic into the epidural space

Drug that promotes sleep

Class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, particularly schizophrenia

Drug used to treat mental illnesses

Drug that quiets nervous excitement

Person who is trained to set up & perform EEGs

Medical specialty concerned with the study & treatment of conditions involving the nervous system

Physician who specializes in neurology

Medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis & treatment of mental disorders as practiced by a licensed medical doctor who may prescribe meds

Physician who specializes in psychiatry

Medical specialty concerned with the study & treatment of mental processes, behaviors & abnormal/irregular mood disorders as practiced by a trained professional who is not a medical doctor & is not authorized to prescribe meds

One who specializes in psychology

Bony cavity of the skull that encases the eye

Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids & outer surface of the eyeball

Glands that secrete tears

Channels that carry tears to the eye

Ducts that carry tears from the lacrimal glands to the nose

• (Meibomian glands)
• Oil glands along the edges of the eyelids that lubricate the eye

Tough outer layer of the eye (white) that extends from cornea to optic nerve

Transparent outer covering of the anterior portion of eye

Watery fluid that fills anterior chamber of the eye

Colored muscular part of the eye located behind the cornea that allows light to pass through

Opening in middle of iris through which light passes

Transparent structure behind pupil that bends & focuses light rays

Middle layer of the eye that contains blood vessels

Jellylike fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eye

Innermost layer of the eye that contains visual receptors

Nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain to provide the sense of sight

Posterior portion of the interior of the eyeball, visible through the ophthalmoscope

Eyelid

Conjunctiva

Cornea

Cold

Tears or tear ducts

Double, two

Iris

Cornea

Eye

Vision, eye

Light

Related to aging

Pupil

Retina

Hard, sclera

Tension, pressure

Two, twice

Dilation, stretching

Destruction, breakdown, separation

Softening

Instrument for measuring

Measurement of

Vision

Surgical fixation

Abnormal fear, aversion to, sensitivity to

Surgical repair, reconstruction

Paralysis

Prolapse, drooping, sagging

Flow, discharge

Process of examining, examination

Involuntary movement

To turn

Ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects

Pt both eyes

Pt eyelid

Pt conjunctiva

Pt cornea

Within/inside eye

Pt iris

Pt tears

Pt eye

Pt vision

Pt pupil

Pt retina

Pt sclera

Poor vision, usually in only one eye, caused by abnormal development of visual areas, also known as "lazy eye"

Distorted, blurry vision caused by abnormal curvature of the cornea or lens

Inflammation of the eyelid

Drooping of the eyelids, also shortened to ptosis

Contraction of the muscles surrounding the eye, which causes uncontrolled blinking

Clouding of the lens of the eye, which causes poor vision

• (Meibomian cyst)
• Obstruction of an oil gland in the eye

Deficiency in distinguishing some colors

Highly contagious inflammation of the conjunctiva (pinkeye)

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac

Stone in the lacrimal sac/ducts

Excessive discharge of tears

Separation of the retina from the choroid in the back of the eye, can be caused by injury, tumor or hemorrhage

Degenerative changes of the retina caused by diabetes mellitus, may lead to blindness

Double vision

Abnormal protrusion of one/both eyeballs

Group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve

Infection of an oil gland of the eyelid, commonly called a sty

Farsightedness

Softening of the iris

Paralysis of the iris

Inflammation of the iris

Inflammation of the cornea

Softening of the cornea, usually associated with severe vit A deficiency

Deterioration of the macula (central part of retina) causing impaired central vision, most commonly related to advancing age

Nearsightedness

Poor vision in reduced light or at night, commonly called night blindness

Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eye

Pain in the eye

Condition of the eye characterized by severe conjunctivitis

Disease of the eye

Paralysis of the eye muscle

Extreme sensitivity to light

Impaired vision caused by old age

Growth of conjunctival tissue over the cornea, usually associated with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light

Hereditary progressive deterioration of the retina causing nyctalopia & impaired vision

Any disease of the retina

Inflammation of the sclera

Softening or thinning of the sclera

Condition of ocular misalignment caused by intraocular muscle imbalance

Condition involving dry eyes

• (EOM)
• Movement of the upper eyelids & eyeballs through use of the extra ocular muscles, assessed during clinical examination to screen for eye movement disorders

Visualization & photographic recording of the flow of an orange fluorescent dye through the blood vessels of the eye

Instrument for measuring the curvature of the cornea

Instrument used for examining the interior of the eye through the pupil

Use of ophthalmoscope to view interior of the eye

Instrument for measuring the diameter of the pupil

Measurement of the pupil

Test using manual refractor to determine an exact vision prescription

Chart containing symbols that is used in the testing of visual acuity

Instrument for measuring pressure within the eye

Use of the tonometer to measure intraocular pressure within the eye, done to diagnose glaucoma

Examination of the retina

Testing for the sharpness of distant vision, usually with a Snellen chart, normal =20/20

Assessment of the range visible to one eye without movement

Surgical repair of the eyelid

Surgical removal of a cataract

Surgical fixation of a detached retina/retinal tear by using extreme cold to seal the tear

Incision into the tear sac

Removal of an eyeball

Implantation of an artificial lens to replace a defective natural lens

Excision of part of the iris

Incision in the iris, usually with a laser, to allow drainage of aqueous humor in therapy for narrow-angle glaucoma

Surgical repair of the cornea, corneal transplantation

• (LASIK)
• Procedure that uses a laser to create a corneal flap & reshape corneal tissue, used to correct vision problems such as myopia, hyperopia & astigmatism

Use of ultrasound to shatter & break up a cataract, followed by aspiration & removal

• (PRK)
• Procedure using a laser to reshape the cornea to correct vision

Repair of a retinal detachment or tear by using a laser beam to coagulate the tissue to allow a seal to form

Repair of a retinal detachment by attaching a band around the sclera to keep the retina from pulling away

Incision into the sclera

Surgical procedure to create a drain to reduce pressure within the eye

Removal of all or part of the vitreous humor

Drug that reduces inflammation, used to treat swelling & itching of the eye

Drug that relieves dry irritated eyes

Drug that constricts pupil

Drug that dilates pupil

Drug that relaxes muscles in eye's interior structure to allow better outflow of fluids

One who fills prescriptions for corrective lenses

Medical specialty concerned with the measurement of vision & prescription of corrective treatment or lenses

One who practices optometry

Medical specialty concerned with study of eye, its diseases & refractive errors

Physician who specializes in ophthalmology

External portion of the ear

Canal that extends from the auricle to the tympanic membrane

Waxy substance created by glands of the external auditory meatus (earwax)

• (TM)
• Eardrum, a semitransparent membrane that vibrates to transmit sound waves to the ossicles, separates external auditory meatus from middle ear cavity

Bone located behind the ear that is filled with air cavities & encloses the middle ear

Tubular channel that runs from middle ear cavity to the pharynx

Middle ear bones contained in the tympanic cavity that transmit sound vibration

Auditory ossicle shaped like a hammer/club

Auditory ossicle shaped like an anvil

Auditory ossicle shaped like a stirrup

Inner ear, which is made up of a series of semicircular canals, vestibule & cochlea

Snail-shaped organ that contains the organ of hearing

Receptor for hearing located within the cochlea, the organ of hearing

Anatomic chamber such as that found in the inner ear

Small tubes in the labyrinth that contain receptors that assist the body in maintaining balance

Hearing, sound

Hearing

Ear

Cochlea

Labyrinth, inner ear

Mastoid bone

Tympanic membrane, eardrum

Hard, sclera

Stapes

Vestibule

Painful, difficult, abnormal

Hearing

Pain

Excision, surgical removal

Surgical opening

Pt hearing/sound

Pt hearing

Pt ear

Pt cochlea

Pt labyrinth or inner ear

Pt mastoid bone & cells

Pt tympanic membrane or tympanic cavity

Pt vestibule

Benign tumor that develops on the acoustic nerve (8th cranial nerve that connects the ear to brain) & causes hearing loss

Excessive buildup of earwax

Cyst like tumor of skin in middle ear behind tympanic membrane usually caused by chronic otitis media

Hearing loss due to obstruction or lesion in outer &/or middle ear

Impairment of hearing involving difficulty in processing of sound

Inflammation of the inner ear

Inflammation of the mastoid bone

Chronic condition of inner ear characterized by dizziness, initus, hearing loss & sensation of pressure in the ear

Inflammation of the tympanic membrane

Pain in the ear

Inflammation of the external auditory meatus, also known as "swimmer's ear"

Inflammation of the middle ear

Fungal infection in the ear

Discharge of pus from the ear

Hardening of the ossicles, particularly in stapes

Impaired hearing caused by old age

Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve

Noises in the ear, such as ringing, buzzing or humming

Hole in or rupture of eardrum

Spinning sensation, commonly known as dizziness

Record of hearing (presented in graph form)

Instrument for measuring hearing

Measurement of hearing

Unit for expressing the intensity of sound

Recording of eye movements in response to electrical impulses to diagnose balance problems

Unit of measure of frequency or pitch of sound

Instrument for examining the ear

Use of an otoscope to examine the external auditory canal & tympanic membrane

Record of middle ear function (presented in graph form)

Instrument for measuring middle ear function

Measurement of middle ear function

Electronic device implanted in cochlea to stimulate the auditory nerve & provide hearing sensations for the profoundly deaf

Irrigation of the ear to remove cerumen buildup

Excision of part of the labyrinth

Excision of the mastoid bone

Incision of the mastoid bone

Surgical repair of external ear

Surgical repair of external ear

Removal of tapes & replacement with a prosthesis, done to correct hearing loss from otosclerosis

Surgical repair of tympanic membrane &/or middle ear

Placement of tube in tympanic membrane to relieve symptoms caused by fluid buildup

Drug that acts against susceptible microorganisms, used to treat otitis media & other ear diseases caused by bacteria

Substance instilled into the external auditory canal to soften earwax

Any medication that can be instilled into the ear drop by drop

Medical specialty concerned with the study & treatment of hearing disorders & fitting of hearing aids

One who specializes in audiology

Medical specialty concerned with the study of ears & treatment of ear disease

Physician specializes in otology

Medical specialty concerned with diseases of the ear, nose & throat

Physician specializing in otorhinolaryngology