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classic formulation of the way individuals define situations, whereby "if people define situations are real, they are real in their consequences"
Thomas theorem
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an agreement with other about what is going on in a given circumstance
definition of the situation
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what does the definition or the situation allow us to do?
to coordinate our actions with those of others and realize goals
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small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an international tool to help project our definition of the situation to others
expressions of behavior
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expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances
expression given
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observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal
expressions given off
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the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation
impression management
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an approach pioneered by goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms or its similarities to theatrical performance
dramaturgy
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the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition or the situation
front
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the expressive equipment we consciously or unconsciously use as we present ourselves to others, including appearance and manner, to help establish the definition of the situation
personal front
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the context or setting in which the performance takes place
region
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places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances
backstage
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the region in which we deliver our public performance
front stage
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the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that is exists
social construction
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behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact
cooling the mark out
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ethnographic description that focuses on the feelings and reactions of the ethnographer
autoethnography
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social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place
agents of socialization
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values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used
hidden curriculum
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the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life
resocialization
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an institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones
total institutions
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a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations
status
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an inborn status; usually difficult or impossible to change
ascribed status
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a status generated by physical characteristics
embodied status
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a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others
achieved status
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a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess
master status
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judging others bases on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people
stereotyping
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the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status
role
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experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations
role conflict
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the tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role
role strain
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the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy
role exit
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emotions like sympathy, embarrassment or shame that require that we assume the perspective of another person or many other people and respond from that person or group's point of view
role taking emotions
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socially constructed norms regarding the expression and display of emotions;
feeling rules
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the process of evoking, suppressing or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display or emotion
emotion work
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face to face interaction or being in the presence of others
copresence
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a post modern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide range of media sources
saturated self
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the ability of an individual to act freely and independently
agency
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