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syntax
how words combine to form sentences
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morphology
rules which govern how prefixes, suffixes and compounds may combine
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phonology
- rules that govern how sounds combine
- ex. new words must have familiar phonemes
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What is the WADA test used for?
to ascertain language dominance
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commissurotomy
- surgical separation of the hemispheres
- leads to split brain condition
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effects of an isolated R hemisphere
good comprehension, limited production
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effects of an isolated L hemisphere
comprehension and production normal (although often "robotic")
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Broca's aphasia
filled with content words, syntactically poor, but can recognize and comprehend language
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Wernickle's aphasia
fluent speech, well formed sentences, semantically poor
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What is flawed about "aphasia"
all brain damage is unique, much more variety
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left hand anomia
patients have no difficultly naming objects behind a screen placed in R hand, but do have difficulty naming objects in L hand
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hemispherectomy
removal of one hemisphere
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compounding
- joining two separate pieces together
- i.e. bookshelf, Cognitive Psychology etc.
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3 aspects to reading
- letter processing
- word recognition
- access to meaning
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normalization
- we can read words which look different
- we cope with variation in font, color and case
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position encoding
we identify letters in terms of positions in word
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are letters processed one at a time or all at a time?
all at a time
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when are letters processed letter by letter?
only in cases on brain damage
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Is just bottom up or bottom up and top down processing used to recognize letters?
- bottom up and top down
- word information influences recognition of words, knowledge of words should facilitate processing of letters
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frequency effects in word recognition
more frequently used words are processed more quickly and accurately than less frequent words
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how do other words influence our selection of words from long term memory?
words that are spelled similarly make recognition harder
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neighbor density
number of words similar to another word
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high neighbor density leads to
more difficulty recalling a word (slower reaction times in lexical decision tests)
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theory of word theory
- words are recognized on the basis of information from letters
- interactive activation model
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What does the interactive activation model reveal about word recognition?
- letters receive top-down activation from words (word superiority effect)
- similarly spelled words are activated and compete for selection
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4 steps of interactive activation model
- 1. basic visual features are activated
- 2. activation spreads to letter nodes
- 3. activation spreads to word nodes
- 4. activation spreads back to letter levels
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Is determining meaning bottom up only or bottom up and top down?
- bottom up only (initially)
- meaning is retrieved solely from letter info; all meanings retrieved
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definitional theory of word meaning
- words are represented in our minds as in dictionaries
- each word can be recognized as a bundle of basic concepts
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prototype theory of meaning
- concepts are held together by "family resemblance structure"
- some items fit the description better than others
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prototype
quintessential theory of concept
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folk types
- why objects are the way they are
- ex. a lawn mover couldn't be made out of ice
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What is lateralization?
- language is dominated by the left hemisphere
- as proved by the WADA test, commissurotomy and hemispherectomy
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Results of Onifer & Swinney experiment?
access to meaning is initially bottom up processing and then it becomes both with more time
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How is letter recognition tested?
With letter detection
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How does the word superiority effect apply to letter recognition?
Letters are easier to detect in words
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Is definitional or prototype theory correct?
Both are incorporated in access to meaning!
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