Science Final Terms

The total potential and kinetic energy of all the particles in an object

a material that conducts thermal energy well

a material that conducts thermal energy poorly

a temperature of 0 Kelvins, no radiation/ vibration, -273 ^.C

the transfer of energy by waves moving through space

a description of a change in which a system absorbs energy from its surroundings

a description of a change in which a system releases energy into its surroundings

a compound that produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water; a proton donor

a chemical reaction between an acid and a base

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, often combined with a few other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen

a solid in which all the atoms are linked by covalent bonds

an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon

a compound compsed of carbon, hyrdrogen, and oxygen in which the raion of hydrogen to oxygen to 2:1

a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds or a ring

organic compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas

• Ex. cyclobutane
• ring/square shape

single bonds

Double bonds

Triple Bonds

hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene

rich deposits of hydrocarbon mixtures that formed from the remains of organisms

• Coal: formed from plants
• Natural Gas: formed from remains of marine organisms- main component= methane
• Petroleum: formed from remains of marine organisms

• Complete: H₂O and CO₂
• Incomplete: Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Dioxide dissolves in water droplets and forms carbonic acid, H₂CO₃. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere also dissolve in water, forming sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, ad nitric acid. HNO₃.

a small organix molecule that joins with other monomers to form a polymer

a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds

Rubber, Nylon, Polyethylene

• Produced in plant and animal cells
• starches, cellulose, nucleic acids, proteins

the ability to do work

• the energy an object has due to its motion
• the kinetic energy of any moving object depends upon its mass and speed

• vibrational (the energy due to vibrational motion), rotational (the
• energy due to rotational motion), and translational (the energy due to
• motion from one location to another).

potential energy that depends upon an objects height above a reference point

GPE depends on its mass, its height, and the acceleration due to gravity

the potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed

energy stored in chemical bonds

.........

energy cannot be created or destroyed

• a source of energy that exists in limited quantites and, once used, cannot be replaced except over the course of millions of years
• oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

• resources that can be replaced in a relatively short period of time
• hydroelectric, solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, and possibly, nuclear fusion

the energy stored in atomic nuclei

a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus is split into smaller parts

a nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of two atoms combine to form a larger nucleus

Einsteins equation says that energy and mass are equivalent and can be converted into each other

a property that causes subatomic particles to attract or repel one another

• the sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two
• objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct contact or
• induced by an electrostatic field

• a flow of electric charge in only one direction
• used in flashlights and other battery-operated devices

• a flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction
• used in homes and schools

a material through which charge can flow easily

a material through which charge cannot flow easily

• Symbol:
• Unit: Ohms

thickness, length, and temperature

a material that has almost zero resistance when it is cooled to low temperatures

• Symbol: V
• Unit: Volts

a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy

• the relationship if voltage, current, and restistance
• V=IR

a complete path through which electric charge can flow

an electrical circuit with only one path through which charge can flow

an electric circuit with two or more paths through which charge can flow

its a switch that opens when the current in a circuit is too high

a region on a magnet where the force produced by the magnet is strongest

a field in a region of space that exerts magnetic forces; a field produced by magnets, by changing electric fields, or by moving charges

a material that can be magnetized because it contains magnetic domains

a froce associated with charged particles, which has two aspects, electric force and magnetic force

a coil of current-carrying wire that producecs a magnetic field

a solenoid with a ferromagnetic core

ex. electrical motor

a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

a device with fanlike blades that turn when pushed; for example, by steam or water

the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

• speed of light
• about 300,000 km/s

the distance between a point on a wave and the same point on the next cycle of the wave

the number of complete cycles per unit time for a periodic motion

the full range of electromagnetic radiation

• Red
• Orange
• Yellow
• Green
• Blue
• Indigo
• Violet

• It's a matter of selective absorption and reflection of the varying wavelengths of light. Our eyes and brain work together to interpret the different wavelengths of light as different colors. White light is composed of all possible wavelengths of visible light, and sunlight is very nearly white.
• Characteristics of various surfaces cause them to reflect or absorb certain wavelengths. The ones that are reflected to our eyes are what determine the color we perceive. To cite just a single example, if a ball is red, it reflects red light and absorbs the other colors. That's why it appears red.
• The issue is slightly different for a source of light, and the answer speaks to all other things we see and the colors they appear to have.

• a source of electric light that works by incandescence (a general term for heat-driven light emissions)
• incandescant: a description of an object hot enough to glow

a process in which gases in Earth's atmosphere, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, allow visible light to pass through but absorb reradiated infrared radiation that warms the lower atmosphere

• CO₂, H₂O, and Methane(not produced through combustion)
• Greenhouse gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

an increase in the temperature of Earth's lower atmosphere, caused in part by increased levels of carbon dioxide or water vapor

the thickness of a coat of paint over a basketball

the continous movement of water in all its forms among Earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land

the process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below the substance's boiling point

the loss of water through the leaves of plants

the phase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid

presipitate: a solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture

water that flows over the Earth's surface

the fresh water found beneath the Earth's surface within cracks and among particles of rock and soil

unused industrial lands that may or may not be contaminated, or that have been remediated

• Pb: too much lead in the bloodstream can lead to organ damage and learning difficulties, the use of lead-based paint was banned in 1978.
• Hg: Mercury is used in numerous industrial processes, but it is toxic and can damage the brain and nervous system. For this reason it should be handled with great care. It is particularly important to avoid inhaling mercury vapor.

• a series of processes in which rocks continuously change from one cycle to another
• convection current in the mantle
• 

geothermal energy: thermal energy benearth the Earth's surface

• -Volcanoes and fumaroles (holes where volcanic gases are released)
• -Hot springs
• -Geysers

• magma: a mixture of molten rock and gases, including water vapor, which forms underground
• lava: magma that flows over the Earth's surface

a mountain that forms when magma reaches the surface

rock that forms over time as sediment is squeezed amd cemented together

• convection currents: circulation of a fluid in a loop as the fluid alternately heats up and cools down
• plate tectonics: the theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere, called plates, move about slowly on top of the asthenosphere

• Processes that remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release. Land and the sea can act as carbon sinks.
• natural or man-made systems that absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, such as trees, plants and the oceans.