psychology ch. 7 thinking, language and intelligence part 1 (thinking, IQ, intelligence, language,

mental representation and manipulation of info

• 1. trail and error
• 2. algorithm 
• 3. rule of thumb
• 4. availability heuristic
• 5. Representative heuristic
• 6. anchoring heuristic

a systematic pattern of reasoning. generally correct

Judgment based on information readily available in memory

ex. are you safer flying or driving?

Judging an event’s probability based on how typical

ex. 

Which is more likely to be the winning lotto numbers?

• 1     2     3     4     5     6
• 23   30    16   8     3     21

 Equally likely, but 2nd is more representative of a random sequence.

Hold firmly to an original guess. Advertisements make use of this.

• Ex.
• How much would you expect to pay?

$300, $400 

It’s just 3 payments$19.99!!

1. Ill-defined problem-- What exactly is the problem?

• 2. Complex goal
•     -can we solve this problem?
•     -are there too many competing goals?

• 3. Lack of critical thinking
•     - ex. confirmation bias

Focus on confirmatory information & avoid contradictory information

Bias to solve a problem with a familiar approach

The inability to perceive a new use for an object

Bias that odds of event increases if the event hasn’toccurred recently

confirmation bias, mental set, functional fixedness, gambler's fallacy

reliability refers to the consistency of test scores over time. For example, you wouldn't trust a bathroom scale that gave you different reading each time you used it

the degree to which a tesst measures what it purports to measure

the degree to which test scores accurately predict future behavior or performance

garnder rejected the view that there is a single entity called intelligence. Rather, he believes there exist different types of intelligence, called multiple intelligences, that vary from person to person