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What kind of nociceptor sends sharp, localized, distinct sensations? Is it fast or slow?
A-delta fibers. They are fast, and myelinated.
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What kind of nociceptor sends poorly localized, burning, persistent pain sensations?
Is it fast or slow?
C-fibers. They are slow, small and unmylenated.
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Which type of pain fiber "closes the pain gate"?
Large A fibers close the gate.
(specifically, A-beta fibers, not the A-delta fibers that transmit sharp pain. But this level of knowledge isn't likely to be tested on.)
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Which type of pain nocicepter fiber "opens the pain gate"?
Small C fibers.
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What are four nociceptive sources of pain?
- Mechanical stimuli
- thermal stimuli
- chemical stimuli
- electrical stimuli
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By what mechanism do endorphins reduce pain?
Endorphins are opiate-like and bind with opioid receptors in CNS.
They also inhibit the release of neurotransmitters such as Substance P (a neurotransmitter related to pain)
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What does PQRSTU stand for, in regards to pain assessment?
- P - precipitating or palliative
- Q - quality or quantity
- R - region or radiation
- S - severity
- T - timing (when does it occur)
- U - (Other) - what helps it, how does it interfere with ADL?
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What are some nursing diagnoses related to pain?
- Activity intolerance
- anxiety
- ineffective coping
- fatigue
- hopelessness
- insomnia
- fear
- impaired physical mobility
- powelessness
- chronic low self-esteem
- impaired social interaction
- spiritual distress
- Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
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By what mechanism do non-opioid analgesics work, and where is their action?
- PNS - peripheral nervous system
- inhibits production of protaglandins. They also reduce fever.
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By what mechanism and action site do opioids work?
They are agonist drugs which bind with opioid receptors in the CNS, blocking the transmission of pain.
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What drug is given to reverse the effects of a narcotic (as in a case of overdose)? What is its action?
- Narcan (naloxone)
- it competes with the agonist drug for receptor sites
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