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Western view on landscape
Clear, main objects, one point perspective, a single vanishing point
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Eastern view on landscape
No clear main objects, everything looks flat, bird's eye perspective
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Western view on portraits
Highlight on the person, background is blurred and darkened (15% face to frame ratio)
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Eastern view on portraits
Close attention to details, flat perspective (4% face to frame ratio)
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Westerner's attention
Things exist by themselves and can be defined by their attributes. (Context-independent, object-oriented)
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Easterner's attention
Things are inter-related. Various factors are involved in an event. (Context-dependent, context-sensitive)
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Analytic thinking
Attention to objects, context independent, detachment of objects, use of formal logic, predicting/explaining behavior using rules
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Holistic thinking
Attention to the field, context-inclusive, relationship oriented, reliance on experiential knowledge, predicting/explaining behavior using object-field relationships
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Low-context communications
Main objects are more important.
Explicit message, direct.
Communication is a way of exchanging information, ideas and opinions
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High-context communications
Context is more important.
Information is contextualized.
Indirect message, talk around the point to embellish it.
Communication is a way of engaging someone and building relationships.
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How do westerners argue?
Focus on main argument, deductive, point-first.
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How to east asians argue?
Focus on context, dialectical principles, point-last
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Fundamental attributional bias
Tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations while under-valuing situational explanations.
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perception
The mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation.
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Perceptual filters
physiological, sociological (demographic, group membership, culture), psychological
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Stages of human information processing
- 1: Input/sensation
- 2: Storage/memory
- 3: Recall/Retrieval
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Describe the typical memory of Americans.
early dated, elaborated, self-focused, concerning a personal experience that took place at a particular time and place, individuals stand out
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Describe the typical memory of chinese.
Later-dated, brief, centering on a social-interaction, concerning collective activity that took place regularly on multiple occasions, relationship-oriented, highlight significant others, personal relationships and social context
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Who groups by shared features? What kind of relationship is this?
Americans. Taxonomic relationships.
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Who groups by relationships? What kind of relationship is this?
East Asians. Thematic categorization.
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Categorization
Sorting or classifying things into an identifiable group or compartment.
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Stereotype
A way to save our cognitive resource. Membership in social categories that are believed to be associated with certain traits and behaviors.
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How do you draw the sterotype content model?
- W PITY PRIDE
- A
- R
- M
- T CONTEMPT ENVY
- H
COMPETENCE
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Stereotype threat
Anxiety in a situation where people have the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group.
Eg. Students from low socioeconomic backgrounds experience stereotype threat on intellectual tasks compared to students from high socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Ethnocentric attributional bias
For in group members: Attribute positive acts to internal factors and negative acts to external factors.
For out group members: Attribute positive acts to external factors and negative acts to internal factors.
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Involuntary membership group
Groups to which people have no choice but to belong. Race, sex, ethnicity, etc.
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Involuntary nonmembership group
People may want to belong to a group but are ineligible to join because they do not possess the needed qualifications.
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Voluntary membership group
Groups to which people consciously choose to belong
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Voluntary nonmembership group
People might be eligible for membership in a group but choose not to join
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In-group
A group whose norms, aspirations and values shape the behavior of its members.
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Out-group
A group whose attributes are dissimilar from those of the in-group, or that oppose the accomplishment of the in-groups goals.
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Reference groups
A group to which we may or may not belong but with which we identify in some important way.
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What two reasons to we use reference groups? Functions?
- comparative: For making judgments and evaluations
- normative: Establish norms and standards to which group members conform.
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