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What are the 4 medical word elements?
- word root
- combining form
- suffix
- prefix
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A word root is
the foundation of a medical term and contains its primary meaning
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4 things that greek roots describe
- disease
- condition
- treatment
- diagnosis
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latin roots describe
anatomical structure
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Combinging form is
- when a word root is combined with a vowel
- Usually and "o" or "I"
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Suffix is
a word element placed at the end of the word
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Suffix usually describes 5 different things
- a pathology (disease or abnormality)
- symptom
- surgical
- diagnostic
- part of speech
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Prefix is
- attached at the beginning of a word
- (not in all medical terms)
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5 things a prefix usually indicates
- number
- time
- position
- direction
- negation
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3 steps to define medical word
- 1. define suffix
- 2.define first part
- 3. define middle parts
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-Centesis
Surgical Puncture
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-Clasis
To Break; Surgical Fracture
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-desis
Binding, fixation (Of a bone or joint)
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-Ectomy
Surgical Removal, Excision
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-Lysis
Seperation, destruction; loosening
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-pexy
Fixation (of an organ)
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-Stomy
Forming an artificial Opening
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-graph
Instrument for recording
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-graphy
Process of Recording
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-meter
Instrument for measuring
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-scope
instrument for examining
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-scopy
Visual examination
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-ectasis
dilation, expansion
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-gen
forming, producing, origin
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-genesis
forming, producing, origin
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-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
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-osis
abnormal condition; increase (used primary with blood cells)
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-penia
decrease, deficiency
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-phagia
eating, swallowing
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-plasia
formation, growth
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-ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement (drooping)
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-schlerosis
abnormal condition of hardening
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-trophy
nourishment, development
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-iatry
medicine, treatment
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4 Suffix types
- Surgical
- diagnostic
- pathological
- grammatical
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Compound words
are words that contain more then one word root
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Surgical Suffix describes
a type of invasive procedure performed on a body part
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Diagnostic suffix describes
procedure performed to identify the cause and nature of an illness
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Pathological suffix describes
an abnormal condition or disease
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Grammatical suffixes are
attached to word roots to form parts of speech
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pre-
- before, in front of
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pro-
- before, in front of
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retro-
- backward behind
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hyper-
excessive, above normal
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dia-
- through, across
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trans-
- through, across
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ecto-
- outside, outward
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exo-
- outside, outward
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extra-
- outside, outward
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para-
- near, beside, beyond
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supra-
- above, excessive, superior
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ultra-
- excess, beyond
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a-
- without, not
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an-
- without, not
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dys-
bad, painful, difficult
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syn-
- union, together, joined
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4 Prefix types
- position
- number
- measurement
- direction
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5 levels of organization
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- system
- organism
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3 planes of the body
- Midsagittal (median)
- Coronal (frontal)
- Transverse (superior and inferior)
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Anatomical division of the midsagittal
right and left halves
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anatomical division of the coronal
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects
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anatomical division of the transverse
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects
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2 main cavities
- Dorsal (posterior)
- ventral (anterior)
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Dorsal includes
cranial and spinal cavities
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ventral includes
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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Left Hypochondriac
upper left region beneath the ribs
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epigastric
Region above the stomach
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Right hypochondriac
upper right region beneath the ribs
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Left Lumbar
left middle lateral region
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umbilical
region of the naval
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right lumbar
right middle lateral region
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left inguinal
left lower lateral region
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hypogastric
lower middle region beneath the naval
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right inguinal
right lower lateral region
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4 major tissues in body
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
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Anatomical position
body posture used to locate anatomical parts in relation to each other
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Midsagittal
median (halves)
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coronal
frontal (front and back)
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transverse
horizontal (upper and lower)
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2 major organs in the dorsal cavities
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2 major organs in the ventral cavities
- thoracic (heart, lungs, and associated structures)
- abdominopelvic (digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs and structures)
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Abduction
moving away from the midsoggital plane of body (ie: fingers apart, arm up)
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Adduction
movement toward midsoggital plane of body (ie: fingers together, arm down)
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Medial
pertaining to the midline of the body
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lateral
pertaining to a side
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superior
toward head or upper portion of structure
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inferior
away from head, toward tail or lower part of structure
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proximal
nearer to the center
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distal
further from center
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anterior (ventral)
front of body
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posterior (dorsal)
Back of body
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parietal
pertaining to outer wall of body cavity
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visceral
pertaining to viscera, internal organs, abdominal organs
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prone
lying on abdomen, face down
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supine
lying horizontally, face up
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inversion
turning inward, inside out
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superficial
toward surface of body
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deep
away from surface of body
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ankl/o
stiffness, bent, crooked
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lamin/o
lamina (part of vertebrae arch)
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myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
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calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
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clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
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femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
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fibul/o
fibula (smaller bone of lower leg)
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humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
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ili/o
ilium (lateral part of the hip bone)
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ischi/o
ischium (lower part of hip bone)
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lumb/o
loins (lower back)
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metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
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metatars/o
metatarsus (foot bones)
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patell/o
patella (knee cap)
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phalang/o
phalanges (finger and toe bones)
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pub/o
pelvis bone (anterior)
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radi/o
radiation, x-ray, radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
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spondyl/o
vertebrae (back bone)
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vertebr/o
vertebrae (back bone)
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stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
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tibi/o
tibia (larger bone of lower leg)
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leiomy/o
smooth muscle (visceral)
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rhabd/o
rod shaped (striated)
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rhabdomy/o
rod shaped muscle
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fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane)
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fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
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synov/o
synovial, membrane, synovial fluid
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-asthesnia
weakness, debility
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-clasia
to break; Surgical fracture
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-clast
to break; surgical fracture
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-desis
binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
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-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
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-scopy
visual examination
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a-
without, not (before consonant)
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dys-
bad, painful, difficult
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supra-
above, excessive, superior
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syn-
union, together, joined
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kerat/o
horny tissue, hard; cornea
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scler/o
hardenig; scera (white of eye)
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hyper-
excessive, above normal
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macule
- flat lesion
- pigmented
- circumferenced area less then 1cm
- examples- freckle, flat mole
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papule
- elevated
- less then 1 cm
- may be same color as skin, or pigmented
- exampes- wart, pimple, psoriasis
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vesicle
- elevated
- fluid filled
- less then 0.5cm
- examples- shingles, chicken pox
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nodule
- palpable
- circumscribed lesion
- larger and deeper then papule (0.6cm-2cm)
- extends into derma area
- examples - benign or malgnant tumor
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pustule
- small, raised, cirumscribed
- fluid filled
- contains pus
- less then 1cm
- examples - acne, scabies
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tumor
- solid, elevated
- larger then 2cm
- extends into dermal and subcutaneos layers
- example- lipoma
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bulla
- fluid filled
- a vesicle or blister larger then 1cm
- examples- second degree burns
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wheal
- elevated
- firm, rounded, varies in size, shape and color
- solid
- accompanied by itching
- examples- hives, bites
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exoriations
- linear scratch marks, or traumatized scratch marks
- examples- scratchs, chemical or thermal burns
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fissure
- small slit or crack like sore that extends into dermal layer.
- caused by continuous inflammation or drying
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ulcer
- open sore or lesion that extends to dermis, heals with scarring
- example - pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma
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8 primary lesions
- macule
- papule
- nodule
- tumor
- wheal
- vesicle
- pustule
- bulla
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benign or malignant tumor
nodule
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second degree burns
bulla
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7 elevated lesions
- papule
- nodule
- tumor
- wheal
- vesicle
- pustule
- bulla
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3 depressed lesions (loss of skin)
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hard palate
anterior portion
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soft palate
posterior portion
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sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
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duoden/o
duodenum (first part of small intestine)
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jejun/o
jejunum (second part of small intestine)
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ile/o
ileum (last part of small intestine)
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ascites
abnormal accymulation of fluid in abdominal cavities
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cachexia
state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting
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cirrhosis
yellowing of skin due to liver disease
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crohn disease
form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of ileum
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fecalith
fecal concretion
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flatus
gas in gastrointestinal tract
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halitosis
foul- smelling breath
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leukoplakia
white patches on mucous membrane of cheek
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obstipation
intractable constipation
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steatorrhea
passage of fat in large amounts in feces
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laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
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trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
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anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
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atel/o
incomplete, imperfect
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dys-
bad, painful, difficult
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anosmia
absence or decrease in smell
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apnea
temporary loss of breathing
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atelectasis
collapsed or airless lung
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consolidation
loss of sponginess of lungs due to enlargement
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coryza
head cold- inflammation of nose
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deviated septum
displacement of middle nose cartilage
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emphysema
decrease in alveolar elasticity
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exudate
inflammatory fluid high in protein with blood and cells
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hypoxemia
deficiency of oxygen in blood
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hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen in tissues
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pleurisy
inflammation of pleural membrane
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pneumoconiosis
dust particles found in lungs
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pulmonary edema
excessive fluid in lungs- causes cough and dyspnea
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surfactant
phospholipid allows lung to expand with ease
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transudate
noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with less protein
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tubercles
granulomas associated with tuberculosis
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edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces
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suppuration
producing of pus
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hematopoiesis occurs at what site
bone marrow
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complicated fracture
when a bone has injured another organ
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comminuted fracture
broken bone that causes an external wound
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tissue type that forms blood fat and fibroblasts
connective
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rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease
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impetigo
inflammatory skin disease characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
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protects against infection
sebum
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debridement
removes necrotized tissue from wound
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pediculosis is caused by
lice
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basal layer includes cells called
melanocytes
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lentigo
a small brown macule on skin caused by sun exposure
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pruritus
itching of hands
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lunula
growth area of the nail
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eschar
damaged tissue following a severe burn
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antiseptics
applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria
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volvulus
life threating obstruction when bowel twists itself
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villi
fingerlike projections in small intestine, that absorb nutrients into bloodstream
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peristalsis
progressive wavelike movement occurs involuntary in hollow tubes
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rugae
mucosal folds in stomach wall
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peptic ulcer
produces hole in stomach wall
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colostomies
divert fecal flow to a bag outside of body
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anastomosis
removes polyps from vessel
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