ASA #3

events predetermined by some higher order or plan 

no control; outside of self

events depend on cause

belief that some events causes another event

cause and effect

person has choice as to what she/he can do

ppl. who can act in accordance w/ personal motives

cultures tend to differ on four major value dimensions 

• individuals orientation v. collectivistic orientation
• power distance
• uncertainty avoidance
• masculine vs femininity

independent self who strives to master and shape the personal & social environment to align w/ one's personal wants & needs

value being unique & original & to be better than others

more extended sense of self

understood in relation to a physical & social envi. w/ which one seeks to adapt to and accommodate rather than master

want to fit in w/ other ppl. and have similar points

identity overlapse others

choices are considered for others b/c it might affect their family

needs before others than the needs for self

• individualistic - higher rates for alcoholism, homicide, divorced and juvenile frequency
• provide the most aid compare to collectivistic

• collectivistic - higher incidents of genocide and ethnic group violence
• (concern of whose my in and out group)

• emphasis on status & hierarchy
• emphasis on equal relations

threat of ambiguous situations

in certain culture, some emphasize or hide the ambiguity

emotional roles that are common in a particular cultural setting

competitiveness, assertiveness, materialism

some culture might be more aggressive

focus on relationships & connecting w/ others

confucianism & buddhism norms socialize the individual to be harmonious w/ nature

emphasis placed on not disrupting the group harmony

not good to confront/reject others

a person's set of socially sanctioned claims concerning one's social integrity

roles that one carries out as a member & representative of a group

the person's social position or prestige gained by performing one or more specific social roles that are well recognized by others

the "approval" of others = meeting the standards appropriate for his/her roles secure face & preserves interpersonal harmony

emphasis on face is associated w/ values of modesty & fitting in and not standing out from the group

minimizing one's own ability to make others feel okay

vs.

• bragging about oneself
• talking big to overcompensate what they are lacking

retain integrity = retain face

be modest = preserve inner personal harmony = more competent

In American society, if something's wrong, the individual attempts to control it or master it

In Asian societies, if something's wrong, the individual needs to accommodate or adapt to it

primary control = directly changing the circumstance

secondary control = accommodation & acceptance

primary controllers disrupts interpersonal harmony

minimize control

preserves group's harmony

cultural differences in the language of emotion: how emotion is expressed

indirect emotional expression through verbal means but by a sequence of physical gestures/actions

ex. paying for children's wedding financial needs

direct emotional expressions that is more acculturated

individuals tend to be more verbally oriented & less gesture orientated