ASA #2

primarily males and laborers

• more..
• skilled professionals
• families
• civil right movement = equal rights for all

challenged race relations

Dec 26, 1966: US News and World Report printed a story titled “Success Story of One Minority in the U.S.”

Similar piece in the New York Times about Japanese Americans

unwarranted assumptions about the progress of Asian Americans

• Disaggregating data
• Comparisons between AA and their White counterparts  were not equal

tensions were generated with the underlying message that other minorities should stop complaining and work hard  to achieve the American Dream

AA even w/ hard work, they are still not seen as American

creates a notion of who's smarter and works harder

White American, Hispanic/African American are grouped as the Americans while Asians are excluded

exaggerated belief associated w/ certain category

mistreatment of a person or a group of ppl. on the basis of his/ her racial/ethnic category

bias against or in favor a group of ppl. based upon that group's categorization

ex. MM is valuing AA as more outstanding than Hispanics/African Am. which put a disadvantage to other group

behavior toward ppl. based on their categoization

during political conditions

WWII & bombing of Pearl Harbor which brought discrimination toward Japanese Americans

Korean war directed tension to wives & orphans

• Vietnam War 
• the policy made the veterans feel unpleased b/c veterans cannot speak their experience
• resulting to post traumatic disorder

the Japan auto-industry were out performing US which caused Detroit's industry ppl. to lose jobs thus ppl. directed anger at AA

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Gentlemen's Agreement Act 1908

Immigration Act of 1924

Executive Order 90066 (1942)

set quota of how many Asian immigrants can immigrate

check by who is allow to come by different countries

certain # from each part of the world are allowed

Japanese internment

• executive order of 9066
• Removal of all those who were of Japanese ancestry

2/3 imprisoned were U.S. citizens by birth 

considered to be a "military necessity"

AA are easily picked b/c of their physical appearance

and the fact that Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor

• uncertainty of the future
• breakdown of family role structures
• feeling of shame & humiliation
• self blame
• anxiety of being separated from family
• self conscious about their heritage (set aside from their culture and become more American)
• lowered sense of self esteem

less apparent racism direct @ Japanese Americans

Japanese Americans

AA were exerting their identities by labeling pins that they are not Japanese Americans

The Dotbusters was a hate group in Jersey City, New Jersey, that attacked and threatened South Asians in the fall of 1987.

• post 9/11
• Sikh community (hate crime towards South Asians, Arab Am., Muslim, or Sikh ~ ppl. recognize their appearance and assume they are terroists from the Middle East)
• racial profiling

seen as

perpetual foreigner

mysterious

exotic

invisible

actors making accents

speaking broken English

unsure about cultural conventions

non-stereotypical individuals ridiculed

different from Americans

they are less known

inscrutable

typically applied to AA women

AA are desirable for sexual pleasures/potential seductresses

more often villains, rarely heroes

given more background roles