Brain and Cranial Nerves

  1. What are the 4 major brain regions
    • Brainstem
    • Cerebrum
    • Cerebellum
    • Diencephalon
  2. Prosenchephalon
    • The forebrain
    • Develops into telencephalon and diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
    • The midbrain
    • ONLY primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle
  4. Rhombencephalon
    • The Hindbrain
    • Develops into metencephalon and Myelencephalon
  5. Telencephalon
    • Secondary vesicle arises from prosencephalon 
    • Forms into cerebrum and lateral ventricles
  6. Metencephalon
    • Secondary vesicle 
    • Turns into pons, cerebellum and 4th ventricle
  7. Myelencephalon
    • Secondary vesicle 
    • Turns into medulla and 4th ventricle
  8. Diencephalon
    • Arises from prosencephalon 
    • Extends from brainstem to cerebrum 
    • Surrounds third ventricle
    • Forms thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
  9. Two types of Neural tissue
    • Brain and spinal cord 
    • Gray matter - Un-myelinated axons
    • White matter - Myelinated axons
  10. Gray matter
    • Houses: motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
    • Dendrites 
    • Telodendria 
    • Un-myelinated axons
  11. White Matter of Cerebrum
    • Contains myelinated axons arranged in tracts 
    • (Association, commissural, projection)
  12. Cerebral Nuclei
    • Cluster of internal gray matter; deep
    • Collectively termed Basal ganglia
    • Help initiate and terminate body movements
    • Suppresses unwanted movements & regulate muscle tone 
    • Oval shaped clusters of neuron cell bodies
  13. Ganglion
    Cluster of neuron cell bodies within PNS
  14. Protections of the brain
    • Cranium 
    • Cranial meninges- C.T. membranes 
    • CSF- Cushioning, nutritive fluid
    • Blood-brain barrier- Protections against blood borne harmful substances
  15. Cranial Meninges
    • Connective tissue layers that seperate soft tissue of brain from bones of cranium
    • Pia mater
    • Arachnoid Mater
    • Dura Mater
  16. Dura Mater
    • Most external Cranial Meninge
    • Two layers: Periosteal(outer); Meningeal (deep)
    • Fused, except at dural sinuses - Drain venous blood away from brain
    • Forms folds at fissures (dura septa)
  17. Dura Septa
    • Three extensions of dura separate parts of the brain
    • Flax Cerebri
    • Flax Cerebelli
    • Tentorium Cerebelli
  18. Flax Cerebri
    • Type of dura septa 
    • Between cerebral hemispheres
  19. Flax Cerebelli
    • Type of dura septa 
    • Between cerebellar hemispheres
  20. Tentorium Cerebelli
    • Type of dura septa 
    • Between Cerebrum and cerebellum
  21. Arachnoid Mater
    • Middle meninx
    • Deep to subdural space
    • Separated from pia mater with arachnoid space
    • Fibers called arachnoid trabeculae 
    • (Collagen and elastic fibers; attach to pia mater )
    • Deep to the trabeculae is the Subarachnoid space 
    •  
  22. Subdural space
    • A potential space between arachnoid mater and overlying dura mater 
    • If filled with blood of fluid - Subdural hematoma 
  23. Pia Mater
    • Deepest meninx
    • Highly vascular areolar C.T.
    • Tightly adhered to surface of the brain
  24. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
    • Clear fluid similar to blood plasma 
    • Formed by choroid plexus 
    • Transportation, buoyancy and protection
  25. Circulation of CSF
    Lateral ventricles > Interventricular froamina > third ventricle > cerebral aqueduct > forth ventricle > central canal
  26. Blood Capillaries (BBB)
    • Tight junction between endothelial cells
    • Thick, continuous basement membrane
  27. Processes of Astrocytes (BBB)
    • Press against capillaries 
    • Secrete chemicals influencing permeability
  28. Substances the cross the BBB
    • Gases, alcohol, anesthetics
    • Glucose (via active transport)
  29. Cerebral Hemispheres
    • Two halves
    • Joined by corpus collosum
    • Divided by longitudinal fissure 
    • Contain Gyri(folds) and Sulci(Grooves)
    • Asymetric
  30. Frontal Lobe
    • Personality 
    • Higher thought
    • Speech
    • Voluntary movement 
  31. Parietal Lobe
    Cutaneous sensation
  32. Occipital Lobe
    • Vision
    • Visual Memories
  33. Temporal Lobe
    • Hearing
    • Smell
  34. Insula
    • Interpretation of taste
    • Emotional memory
  35. Association tracts
    Between gyri in same hemisphere
  36. Commissural tracts
    Between gyri across hemispheres
  37. Projection tracts
    Between cerebrum and lower brain regions
  38. Epithalamus
    • Contains:
    • Pineal gland- Secretes melatonin
    • Nuclei- responses to odors
  39. Thalamus
    • Paired oval masses of gray matter 
    • Interthalamic adhesion joins lobes 
    • Filters out unnecessary incoming sensory information
    • Relays sensory information destined for cerebral cortex
  40. Hypothalamus
    • Inferior to thalamus 
    • Attached to pituitary by infundibulum 
    • Master control of ANS
    • Body temp regulation
    • Control of food & water intake 
    • Emotional control center
    • Regulates sleep awake cycle
  41. Brainstem
    • Between diencephalon & spinal cord 
    • Contains sensory & motor tracts
    • Includes: Mensencephalon(midbrain), Pons, medulla oblongata
  42. Gnostic area
    • Composed of regions of occipital, temporal and parietal lobes 
    • Integrates sensory, visual, and auditory information
  43. Wernicke Area
    • Involved in recognizing, understanding and comprehending spoken or written language 
    • Must work together with motor speech area
  44. Midbrain
    • Nuclei with sensory reflex centers that coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk
    • Cerebral aqueduct
  45. Pons
    • Carries sensory & motor info between medulla and midbrain
    • Connects midbrain to cerebellum
    • Respiratory center
  46. Medulla Oblongata
    • Centers for respiration, heart rate, blood vessel diameter 
    • Vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccuping 
    • Connects spinal cord & brain
  47. Cerebellum
    • Two hemispheres with central vermis
    • Outer cortex or gray matter; deep white matter (arbor vitae)
    • Transverse fissure w/tentorium cerebelli separates cerebrum & cerebellum 
    • Governs subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements 
    • Flocculondoular lobes
  48. Flocculonodular lobes
    Contribute to equilibrium and balance
  49. Vermis
    • A thin band separating cerebellar hemispheres
    • Receives sensory info reporting torso position and balance
  50. Superior vs Inferior Colliculi
    • Superior- Helps visually tract objects and control reflexes such as turning head or body
    • Inferior- Control reflective turning to auditory stimuli
  51. Reticular Formation 
    • Net like of gray and white matter in brainstem & lower diencephalon
    • includes sensory neurons that project into cerebral cortex
    • Helps maintain consciousness
    • Helps maintain muscle tone 
  52. Limbic System
    • Ring of gray metter around upper brainstem and diencephalon
    • "Emotional brain" - plays primary role in wide range of emotions
    • Contributes to memory 
  53. Cranial Nerves 
    • 12 pairs 
    • Originate from eyes, nose, inner ear, brain stem & spinal cord 
  54. Sensory nerves (3)
    • CN I - Olfactory 
    • CN II - Optic 
    • CN VIII- Vestibulochlear
  55. Motor Nerves (4)
    • CN III - Oculomotor 
    • CN IV- Trochlear 
    • CN VI- Abducens 
    • CN XI- Accessory 
  56. Mixed Nerves (4)
    • CN V- Trigeminal 
    • CN VII- Facial 
    • CN IX- Glossalpharyngeal 
    • CN X - Vagus 
  57. Nerve classification mnemonic 
    • Oh (olfactoy)
    • Once (optic)
    • One (Olculomotor)
    • Takes (Trochlear)
    • The (Trigeminal)
    • Anatomy (Abducens)
    • Final (Facial)
    • Very (Vestibulocohlear)
    • Good (Glossalpharyngeal)
    • Vacations (Vagus)
    • Are (Accessory)
    • Heavenly (hypoglossal) 
  58. Nerve Function mnemonic 
    Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More
Author
michaelirby98
ID
242554
Card Set
Brain and Cranial Nerves
Description
Brain and cranial nerves anatomy
Updated