Intro to Criminalistics

Debris, Garments, Weapons, or Tools.

Direct Relationship

Protons

Same atomic # but different atomic mass.

when microscope is focused with one objective in position, the other objective can be rotated into place and the field will remain focus.

Decreases

Decreases

Focus

• Comparison:consists of two independent objective lenses joined together by an optical bridge to a common eyepiece lens
• Stereoscopic: is two monocular compound microscopes properly spaced and aligned to present a three-dimensional image of a specimen to the viewer, who looks through both eyepiece lenses.
• Micro-spectrophotometer:is a spectrophotometer coupled with a light microscope.
• Polarizing: A microscope in which the object viewed is illuminated by polarized light.
• Compound: the object to be magnified is placed under the lower lens (objective lens) and the magnified image is viewed through the upper lens (eyepiece lens)
• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): bombards a specimen with a beam of electrons instead of light to produce a highly magnified image from 100x to 100,0000

Virtual image

• Field of view: The area of the specimen that can been seen after its magnified.
• Stage: the plate on which the specimens are placed.
• Objective Lens: : the lens closest to the specimen; usually several objectives are mounted on a revolving nose piece
• Depth of focus: thickness of a specimen that is entirely in focus under a microscope

Base, Arm, Stage, Body tube, Coarse Adjustment, Fine adjustment.

Narcotics, Opiates, Hallucinogens, Depressants, Stimulants, Club drugs

• severe physical illness
• body chills, vomiting, stomach cramps, convulsions, insomnia, pain & hallucinations.

• analgesics, meaning they relieve pain by a depressing action on the central nervous system. This effects functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate.
• Most common: opium

Marijuana

• Codeine: prepared synthetically from morphine. Commonly used in cough syrup. 
• (NOT stronger than morphine)

Marijuana

Morphine, Heroin, Methadone, Codeine

• female weakness, gout, rheumatism, malaria, beriberi, constipation, and absent-mindedness.
• fiber
• glaucoma

Gets people off of Heroin.

Increased heart rate, dry mouth, reddened eyes, impaired motor skills, & concentration.

ALCOHOL!!!

• Barbiturates: “downers,” are normally taken
• orally and create a feeling of well-being, relax the body, and produce sleep.
• Anti- anxiety: overcomes pressure and tension

slur speech, impair judgement, & double vision

alcohol (ethanol), barbiturates,tranquilizers, and various substances that can be sniffed, (airplane glue, model cement), or aerosol gas propellants such as freon

Amphetamines, Cocaine, Caffeine, Nicotine

Marijuana, LSD, PCP

Sniffed or Snorted

• unlike barbiturates, produce a
• relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing
• sleep

• Rohypnol: are central nervous system depressants that are often connected with drug-facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery
• MDMA: a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects. Ecstasy enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions; however, seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse

• Schedule I: drugs have a high potential for abuse and have no currently accepted medical use such as heroin, marijuana, methaqualone and LSD.
• Schedule II: drugs have a high potential for abuse and have medical use with severe
• restrictions such as cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions.
• Schedule III: drugs have less potential for abuse and a currently accepted medical use such as all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule II, codeine, and anabolic steroids.
• Schedule IV: drugs have a low potential for abuse and have a current medical use such as darvon, phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium).
• Schedule V: drugs must show low abuse potential and have medical use such as opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients.

• Marquis: Heroin, Morphine, most opium
• Dillie- Koppanyi: Barbiturates
• Duquenois- Levine: Marijuana
• Van Urk: LSD
• Scott Test: Cocaine

Microcrystalline Tests

Color Tests

IR

GC/MS

• Alcohol appears in the blood within minutes after it has been taken by mouth and slowly increases in concentration while it is being absorbed from the stomach and the small intestine into the bloodstream.
• When all the alcohol has been absorbed, a maximum alcohol level is reached in the blood; and the post absorption period begins.

Breath tester, Field test, GC testing

• 0 1 2 3 4 5 6        7        8 9 10 11 12 13 14 
• <Acid------------Nuetral---------------Basic>
• Acid Drugs: Barbiturates & asprin
• Basic Drugs: Cocaine, Methadone, Phencyclidine, Amphetamines

Oxidation & excretion

Liver

A, B, AB, O

determining alcohol intoxications

.015

IR

Mouth or inside cheek

Protons & electrons

+1

The # of protons in the nucleus

1