Anat test chapter 6

• 1) Support- framework for attachment of soft tissue
• 2) storage- Stores lipids and Minerals
• 3) Blood cell production- contained in Red Marrow
• 4) Protection- Soft tissue and organs surround by bones
• 5) leverage

• 1) Long bones
• 2) short bones
• 3) Flat bones
• 4) Irregular
• 5) sesamiod bones
• 6) Sutural bones

Humerous/ Femer

Carpals

Sternum

Vertebrae/ Pelvic

(find out)

Sutures

• 1) Diaphysis
• 2) Epiphysis
• 3) Metaphysis
• 4) Marrow Cavity
• 5) Cortex

• 1)Yellow- Aids in storage of lipids and other minerals
• 2) Red- Areas of blood cell protection

Small passages for exchanging nutrients gases and wastes

• 1)Osteocytes
• 2)osteoblasts
• 3)osteoprogenitor cells
• 4)Osteoclasts

• 1) Recycle Ca Salts
• 2) Help repair damage bone

Produce new bone matrix (osteogensis)

• Aid in the repair of fractures
• Produce Osteoblasts

The basic unit of compact bone- Consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae

Secrete acids to release the stored energy

Fibrous outer layer of bone that helps to isolate bone from surroundings

• Lines marrow cavities
• Made of a simple layer of osteopragenitor cells

• 1) Messenchymal cells secrete organic part of the matrix, this becomes mineralized with Ca salts
• 2) Bone grows out and forms struts called spicules
• 3) Finally forms spongy bone, but can later become compact bone

• 1) Cartilage grows, chondrocytes enlarge (cartilage cells), Lancunae expand and the Matrix is reduced, chondrocytes are deprived of nutrients and die
• 2) Blood vessels from- help to from the periostemand and an inner osteogenitc layer
• 3) Blood supply increases to the periosteum and begins to calcify the cartilage
• 4) Bone enlarges, osteoclasts appear and erode away a central marrow cavity
• 5) Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epiphysis to form secondary ossification centers
• 6) Epiphysis filled with spongy bone with a thin layer of cartilage left (articular cartilage) that prevents damage at joints

• 1) Nutrient artery and Vein- enter through a foramen in the diaphysis
• 2) Metaplyseal vessels- Supply the inner surface of each epiphyseal plate
• 3) Periosteal vessels- From the periosteum

• Made in the kidneys
• Necessary for Ca absorption in the small intestines

Needed for Collagen synthesis

• synthesis of bone protein
• Growth hormone
• Puberty stimulates sex hormones which cause osteoblasts to make bones quicker

• Chemoreceptors of parathyroid release PTH (parathyriods Hormones)
• Leads to an osteoclast increase (Destroying Bone)
• Increase the rate of absorption of Ca Ions
• Decreases the rate of excretion of Ca +2 at the kidneys

• Chemoreceptors of thyroid
• Releases Calcitonin (Inhibits activity, Calciton)
• With less Ca+ in fluids
• 1) inhibits intestinal absorption
• 2) increases Excretion in Kidneys
• 3) Increases osteoblast activity

• 1) From a Hematoma (Large Blood clot)
• 2) External callus and an internal Callus if needed
• 3) Osteoblasts replace central cartilage
• 4) Osteoclasts and osteoblast remodel region for about 4 months to over a year

• 1) Osteopenia- Inadequate ossification
• -Reduces bone mass
• 2)Osteoporosis- server reduction of bone mass
• -due to sex hormones different for male and women
• 3) Cancer in bones causes the production of osteoclast activity factor
• -Causes very sever bone reduction and osteoporosis

Any projection or bump

An extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

A large, rough projection

a smaller, rough projection

a small, rounded projection

a prominent ridge

a low ridge

a pointed process

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by the neck

A narrow connection between the epiphysis and he diaphysis

A smooth, rounded articular process

A smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

A small, flat articular surface

A shallow depression

a narrow groove

A rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

A passageway through the substance of a bone

An elongate cleft

A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air