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2.13

  1. what is anabolism?
    build up
  2. what is catabolism
    break down
  3. what is metabolic flow?
    from beginning to the end

    *process of taking energy in then utilizing it to build strcutral and functional products and ATP then removing waste
  4. (specific types of reaction) oxidation-reduction--  What is oxidation? (2)
    -gain O2

    -loss of H atoms or electrons
  5. (specific types of reaction) oxidation-reduction--  what is reduction? (2)
    -loss of O2 

    -gain of H atoms or electron
  6. (specific types of reaction) oxidation-reduction-- what are the 2 enzymes used in redox reactions?
    -dehydrogenases

    -oxidases
  7. (specific types of reaction) oxidation-reduction-- what are the 2 cofactors?
    • -NAD+
    • *nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

    • -FAD+ 
    • *flavin adenine dinucleotide
  8. (specific types of reaction) substrate phosphorylation-- 2 characteristics of this?
    -direct phosphorylation

    -typical formation of ATP
  9. (specific types of reaction) oxidative phosphorylation--2 characteristics of this
    -indirect phosphorylation

    -involves oxygen

    **this is where we get most of our ATP production
  10. what is metabolsim?
    all biochemical events  occuring in the body at any given time
  11. what is primary purpose of cell respiration?
    generate ATP
  12. Which phosphorylation takes place in mitochondrion and have multiple steps?
    oxidative phosphorylation
  13. mechanisms of ATP synthesis) Anaerobic sources of ATP- what type of phosphorylation is creatine kinase?
    substrate level phosphorylation

    **one of the quickest sources of energy
  14. mechanisms of ATP synthesis) anaerobic sources of ATP- what is an example of stored ATP?
    • myosin head
    • *this is considered anearobic bc in relaxed position, ozygen is not needed
  15. mechanisms of ATP synthesis) where does the creatine kinase reaction occur?
    in cytoplasm
  16. mechanisms of ATP synthesis) glycolysis-- brief description of this
    glucose breakdown
  17. mechanisms of ATP synthesis) glycolysis-- where are the enzymes located that produce this reaction?
    cytoplasm
  18. mechanisms of ATP synthesis) glycolysis--what 3 things do we get from 1 molecule of glucose?
    -2 pyruvates

    -a net of 2 ATP

    -2 reduced forms of NAD (NADH+)
  19. glycolitic pathway) where is it lcated?
    enzymes are located in cytoplasm of cell
  20. glycolitic pathway) Phase 1- sugar activation (2)
    -invest 2 atp

    -convert glucose to fructose by phosphorylating
  21. glycolitic pathway) phase 2--sugar cleavage (2)
    • -break 6 carbon molecule into 2, 3 carbon molecules
    • *each are carrying a phosphate

    -no energy lost or gained at this stage
  22. glycolitic pathway) phase 3-- Oxidation and ATP formation (2)
    • -each 3 carbon molecules is oxidized
    • *these electrons are transferred to NAD converting it to NADH

    -4 ATP were made here but net gain is 2 ATP
  23. glycolitic pathway) what are we left off after phase 3?
    2 pyruvic acid
  24. At the end of glycolysis , what was our net gained of ATP?
    2
  25. (aerobic respiration) where is the remaining oxdization of glucose going to take place at?
    mitochondria
  26. (aerobic respiration) phase 1-- conversion of (2) pyruvate to (2) acetyl CoA
    -(2) pyruvate turns into (2) acetyl CoA by releasing (2) carbon dioxide and reducing (2) NAD
  27. (aerobic respiration) phase 2-- Krebs cycle: (2) acetyl CoA is broken down completely to create (3)
    -(2) 3 NADH

    -(2) 1 FADH

    - (2) 1 ATP
  28. where does krebs cycle occur?
    mitochondrial matrix
  29. (aerobic respiration) what does the ETC do?
    extracts energy from reduced compounds (NADH FADH) and synthesizes ATP using that energy that came out when extracting energy from reduced compounds
  30. (aerobic respiration) How does the ETC extract enrgy from reduced compounds?
    splits H atom into proton and Electron
  31. (aerobic respiration) does ETC use O2?
    yes
  32. (aerobic respiration) where does ETC occur?
    innermitochondria membrane

    **there are alot of cristae
  33. (aerobic respiration) ETC sequence of events (5)
    -H atom removed from cofactors NADH and FADH and split into e- and H+

    -e- passed down the chain; energy from e- utilized to pump protons into intermembrane space

    • -creates concentration gradietn of H+ on one side of membrane
    • *positives on one side and negatives on the other

    -ATP synthase enzymes use energy from diffusion to synthesize ATP as H+ diffuses across membrane

    -electrons at the end of chain are picked up by O2 in mitochondrion they are then combined with H+ to form water
  34. what is net income of ATP in krebs cycle?
    2
  35. where does the majority of ATP come from?
    ETC
  36. (aerobic respiration) krebbs cycle and glycolysiss is an example of?
    substrate level phsophorylation
  37. (muscle work) what are the 2 ways we cna produce energy?
    -anaerobic

    -aerobic
  38. what is anaerobic threshold?
    during heavy exercise an increase in blood lactate can be seeen
  39. is oxygen present in mitochondria?
    yes
  40. why is there a build up of lactate acid?
    krebs and ETC enzymes have slower velocity than the glycolysis enzymes which leads to back up of pyruvate rather then slow down the production of pyruvate it is converted into lactate that can be shuttled out of muscle cell (it can be used by other muscle cells and reconfigure it to pyruvate again).
  41. is lactate a waste product?
    no, its a fuel
  42. what definition of fatigue?
    physiological inability to contract
  43. causes of fatigue (6)
    -ATP production fails to keep pace with usage

    -psychological factors

    • -pH changes
    • *lactate is an acid thus changing the pH levels

    -neurological trasnmission of AP either through nerve or at neruomuscluar junction may become fatigue

    • -ionic imbalances
    • *loss of K

    • -mitochondrial function
    • *chronic fatigue syndrome
  44. why do we pant after a exercise?
    • bc of excess post exercise O2 consumption
    • *replenishment of oxygen reserves, glycogen stores, and ATP resynthesizes
  45. heat production) whats efficiency of conversion of ATP bond energy converteed to kinetic energy?
    • 20-25%
    • *the rest is given off as heat
  46. (fuel sources for ATP production) what is the main carb that is used for atp production?
    glucose
  47. (fuel sources for ATP production) what is glycogenesis?
    make glycogen from glucose
  48. (fuel sources for ATP production) what is glycogenolysis?
    break down glycogen to extract glucose
  49. (fuel sources for ATP production) what is gluconeogenesis?
    • make glucose from other source
    • *amino acids
  50. (fuel sources for ATP production) Lipids-- wha is lipogenesis?
    storage of lipids
  51. (fuel sources for ATP production) what is lipolysis?
    break down to use for energy
  52. (fuel sources for ATP production) what are the products of lipid breakdown used for?
    -can be fed into krebs, glycolysis pathways and energy is extracted
  53. (fuel sources for ATP production) can proteins be used also?
    yes
Author
efrain12
ID
242467
Card Set
2.13
Description
Energy muscle
Updated

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