-
Biodiversity
species richness or number of species
-
Heterotrophic
- attains
- energy by eating plants, fungi, algae or animals
-
Photoautotrophic
- release
- O2 into atmosphere (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)
-
Mychorrhizae fungi
Literally "fungus root" refers to symbiotic relationship fungus has with plants
-
Plasmodium and Giardia
- Apicomplexan
- protists causing malaria and beaver fever
-
Taxonomy
- system
- of classification or naming organisms
-
Binomial name
- Genus
- + species ie. Homo sapiens
-
-
Homologous feature
- present
- in ancestral species and all decendents
-
Molecular clock
- DNA
- dating how long ago ancestors lived
-
Evolutionary relatedness
- how
- recently they shared a common ancestor
-
Clade
- monophyletic
- lineage, lineage from one ancestor ie – one “branch”
-
Character
a feature of an organism
-
Derived – apomorphic
- character
- not seen in early ancestors of an organism (reptiles HAD legs)
-
Ancestral – plesiomorphic
- character
- seen in early ancestors of an organism
-
Synapomorphy
- homologous
- derived character (all snakes are limbless)
-
Ingroup
group being analyzed
-
Outgroup
- closely
- releated group but not being analyzed
-
Parsimony
scientific preference for simplest possible explanation of data
-
Outgroup determines what?
Outgroup determines ancestral state of all characters – used as a control
-
Parsimony aims for what?
Parsimony wants the simplest possible cladogram
-
B.O.B. – __________
- B.O.B. – “Branched
- off before” in cladograms
-
-
-
Bilateral symmetry
- associated
- with cephalization
-
-
Diploblastic
only 2 germ layers, endoderm and ectoderm (Cnidarians)
-
Triploblastic
has mesoderm 3rd layer (Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida, Mollusca)
-
Which Phyla have the 3rd mesoderm layer?
Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Annelida, Mollusca
-
Acoelomate
Triploblastic animals that lack body cavity
-
Mesenchyme
- layer of cells derived from mesoderm in Acolemates found between gut and body wall. (similar layer may be formed from ectoderm in diploblastic
- animals)
-
Blastopore
original embryonic opening in developing cell of protostomes or deuterostomes
-
if the protostome forms a coelom, it is always ________?
schizocoelom
-
schizocoelom
schizocoelom is as the mesoderm develops, it “splits” into inner and outer layers
-
coelom is what?
body cavity (can describe animals, but not evolutionary relationships)
-
Monophyletic
all in one branch, inludes all members of cladogram
-
paraphyletic
missing members of cladogram
-
polyphyletic
multiple branches of cladogram
-
Ecdysis
- moulting, shedding
- skin (shells) shedding of external
- cuticle. Pertains only to Nematoda
- and Arthropoda
-
Nematoda and Arthropoda do this
moulting through Ecdysis
-
-
Metamerism
- being metameric segmentation – different segments.
- 3 phyla have this character
-
Neural crest cells
- migrate
- through body during development and build cranium, nerves, teeth
-
Zygomycota
- subphyla of fungi - Bread mold.
- Hyphae are coenocytic - septa only in reproductive cells
-
Glomeromycota
arbuscular mycorrhiza "little trees" symbionts with plant roots. fungi live in cell walls but not plasma membranes of plants
-
Ascomycota
- decomposers, symbioant w/ green algae and cyanobactera called lichens. spores produced in sacs, aka sac fungi.
- Yeasts!
-
Basidiomycota
- mushrooms, (dome on stick, puffballs, conks (shelf mushroom))
- 'Basidium' - club-shaped cells
- extensive dikaryotic mycelia stage - more genetic recombination the longer it's in this stage
- Basidiocarps - big bodies of mushrooms
- Basidia spore producing gills
-
extensive dikaryotic mycelia stage
extensive dikaryotic mycelia stage - more genetic recombination the longer it's in this stage
-
Basidia
spore producing gills you press on paper
-
Hyphae
tiny threadlike fibers of simple fungi
-
Mycelia
networks of Hyphae
-
Septa
walls between fungi, mitochondria pass between them. Septate have septa, coenocytic don't have septa
-
-
coenocytic
not having septa (walls between fungi that pass mitochondria)
-
Sporangia
enclosure where spores form
-
Chytridomycota
paraphyletic orgins (subphyla of fungi)
-
Fungi is under which classification
Opisthokonts - animals
-
like arthropoda, fungi have this
chitin (in cell walls)
-
Spongocoel
cavity in middle of porifera
-
Epithelial-like layer of cells are on which phyla
porifera, located on outer cells on the animal
-
choanocytes
inner cells of porifera (collared cells w/ flagellum)
-
Osculum on a porifera
water exits through this hole at the top
-
choanocytes resemble these early ancestors of porifera
choanoflagellates
-
2 examples of Cnidaria
jellyfish and hydras
-
Cnidaria Germ layer?
diploblastic - ectoderm and endoderm
-
two tissue layers of Cnidaria
epidermus (outer) and gastrodermis (inner)
-
located in between the epidermus and gastrodermis on Cnidaria
mesoglea - jelly-like layer in between tissues
-
Stinging cells are called ? (on Cnidaria) and where are they located
cnidocytes are the cells, the stinging structure is nematocyst. located on the epidermus
-
stinging structure of cnidocytes (on cnidaria)
nematocyst
-
Polyps
- Cnidaria - don't move
- sea anemones, corals
-
Medusas
- mobile Cnidaria
- jellyfish and hydras
-
Anthozoa
- subphyla of Cnidaria
- Sea anemones and corals
-
Symbioant of corals?
Dinoflagellates - they transfer carbs to the coral in exchange for a place to live
-
Hydrazoa
subphyla of Cnidaria - Hydras exist as polyp or medusa forms
-
Schphozoa
subphyla of Cnidaria "true jellyfish" Medusa body form
-
Cubozoa
subphyla of Cnidaria - box jellyfish
-
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
-
Platyhelminthes have a Body cavity? T or F?
F - no body cavity, interior portion of their body is filled w/ mesoderm aka mesenchyme.
-
Platyhelminthes coelom?
Acoelomate - no body cavity, filled with mesenchyme (mesoderm)
-
Tubellaria
- Subphyla of Platyhelminthes
- - free-living flatworms
- - only platyhelminthes that isn't parasitic
-
Cestoda
Subphyla of Platyhelminthes, Tapeworms
-
Monogenea
Subphyla of Platyhelminthes, external flukes
-
Tremotoda
Subphyla of Platyhelminthes, internal flukes ie - liver flukes
-
Rotifera have a wheel-like corona (crown) covered in _____ for locomotion
cilia
-
T or F, Rotifera HAVE a body cavity
T, but it is surrounded by mesoderm and endoderm derived tissue, thus Pseudocoelomate
-
Rotifera type of coelom?
Pseudocoelomate
-
Parthenogenesis (Rotifera)
female produces a diploid egg via mitosis, egg then devops into female rotifers. haploid eggs become male if remained unfertilized, female if fertilized
-
Rotifera, one-way or two-way digestive tract?
one-way, they have an anus, thus blastopore is _____?
-
Oligochaeta
Subphyla of Annelida - earthworms
-
Hirudinea
Subphyla of Annelida - leeches
-
Polychaeta
Subphyla of Annelida - polychaete or bristle worms
-
Three Subphyla of Annelida?
- Oligochaeta - earthworms
- Hirudinea - leeches
- Polychaeta - bristle worms
-
Annelida type of coelom?
Eucoelomate - b/c they have a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm-derived tissue
-
Metamerism
Metameric segmentation - body parts are repeated in each segment
-
Metameric segmentation
body parts are repeated in each segmentation, like arthropoda
-
4 Subphyla of Mollusa?
- Polyplacophora - chitons
- Bivalvia - clams, mussels
- Gastropoda - snails, slugs, nudibranchs
- Cephalopoda - octopus, squids
-
Polyplacophora
Subphyla of Mollusa - chitons (kuboto shells)
-
Bivalvia
Subphyla of Mollusa - clams, mussels
-
Gastropoda
Subphyla of Mollusa - snails, slugs, nudibranchs
-
Cephalopoda
Subphyla of Mollusa - octopus, squids
-
3 parts of Mollusks?
Head-foot, Visceral mass, Mantle
-
Mantle?
part of mollusca that encloses the visceral mass, secretes the calcium-carbonate shell
-
Head-foot?
part of Mollusca for movement
-
Visceral Mass
part of Mollusca where the heart, reproductive organs, excretory and digestive organs are.
-
which Mollusca subphyla is asymmetrical?
"Shelled Gastropoda" b/c of the torsion they undergo, during development (snail shell)
-
Radula? *hint Mollusa
tongue-like thing on snails to scrape up food like algae. * of Mollusa
-
T or F, Nematoda are Dioecious?
T, Dioecious means individuals are either male or female
-
Nematoda are parasitic?
T, major parasitic species causing Pinworms and Heartworms, and Trichinosis (pork disease) and Elephantitis
-
which phyla causes Trichinosis? (Pork disease)
Nematoda - roundworms
-
along with arthropoda, Nematoda have this to protect them from the enviroment?
Non-living Cuticle, Ecdysozoan
-
Ecdysozoan
Nematoda and Arthropoda have non-living cuticles to protect them from the enviroment
-
Nematoda type of muscles?
Have only Longitudinal muscles, thus they trash for movement
-
Largest diversity of phyla on earth?
Arthropoda 80% of earth animals
-
Arthropoda undergo _____ to shed their exoskeleton?
moulting
-
Arthropoda have this type of segementation?
Metametic segmentation
-
T or F, Arthropoda are Dioeious?
T, they are usually seperate sexes
-
5 Subphyla of Arthropoda?
- Trilobita
- Chelicerata - horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites
- Crustacea - lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp
- Myriapoda - millipedes and cenepedes
- Hexapoda - "Six legs" bugs
-
Trilobita
extinct Subphyla of Arthropoda
-
Crustacea
Subphyla of Arthropoda - lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimp, (includes zooplankton) and Barnacles
-
Barnacles are which Subphyla of Arthropoda?
Crustacea
-
Crustacea have how many pairs of modified appandages?
- 5 pairs, attached to head region
- includes antennae, mandibles (chewing) maxillae (holding)
- head & thorax are fused into cephalothroax
-
Myriapoda?
- Subphyla of Arthropoda, centipedes and millipedes, head and trunk Metameric segmentation into trunk.
- 1 and 2 pairs of legs per segment
- predator / decaying vegetables?
-
3 parts of Hexapoda?
- Six legs bugs
- Head, Thorax, Abdomen
- Specialized appendages come from Thorax
- many can fly,
-
Spiracals
Holes on side of exoskeleton of Hexapoda
-
Complete Metamorphosis vs incomplete metamorphosis and examples of each
- complete - caterpillar, full change
- incomplete - grasshopper, young look like baby adults
-
Water-vascular system
fluid filled canals and resivoirs of Echinodermata
-
Aboral surface
top side of Echinodermata
-
oral surface
bottom of Echinodermata
-
Madreporite?
water enters this hole on aboral surface of Echinodermata
-
Ring Canal
surrounds the esophagus of Echinodermata
-
Radial Canals
5 of them down each arm of the Echinodermata
-
name of structure Echinodermata use to move?
Tube feet
-
Ampulla
water fills this top bulb of tube feet to elongate them so they can move
-
Echinodermata type of skeleton?
endoskeleton covered in skin
-
Ossicles *hint - disks
flexible structure of starfish, they are fused on sea urchins
-
Echinodermata examples? name 5
Seastars, Brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
-
Echinodermata type of symmetry
- bilateral.
- Pentaradial is secondarily derived as it is not ancestral. (ancestors were bilateral)
-
Chordata segmentation?
Metameric Segmentation, like the arthropoda and annelida
-
name 3 phyla that have metameric segmentation? (Metamerism?)
- Chordata, Arthropoda, Annelida
-
4 distinguishing features of Chordata?
- Hollow dorsal nerve cord
- Pharyngeal gill slits
- notochord - (rod shape in all chordata, from mesoderm, shapes embryo)
- post-anal tail - at some point in life
- (features may only be present as embryo)
-
3 Subphylum of Chordata
- Urochordata - tunicates and sea squirts
- Cephalochordata - lancet (toothbrushes)
- Vertebrata - *neural crest cells*
-
Urochordata examples
tunicates and sea squirts
-
Urochordata
- Subphylum of Chordata, tunicates and sea squirts (resemble sponges)
- - tunicates have two syphons, pharyngeal gill-slits filter organic matter from water.
- - adults are sessile and filter feed
-
-
Cephalochordata
- Subphylum of Chordata - lancet
- - mobile
- - all 4 distinguishing features
-
Neural crest cells
distinct form germ layer forms nervous system in development of Vertabrates
-
3 types of vertebrates
- lampreys
- hagfish
- Tetrapoda - 4 limbs
-
what are the branches that glomeromycota shoot into plant cells called?
-
when glomeromycota symbioants with a plant, what are the black specs in the cell-wall called?
-
Species richness or number of species?
Biodiversity
-
Attains energy by eating plants, fungi, algae, or animals
Heterotophic
-
makes own food and releases O2 into atmosphere
Photoautotrophic
-
Literally means "fungus root" - refers to symbiotic relationship fungus has with plants
Mychorrhizae fungi
-
Apicomplexan protists causing Malaria and beaver fever respectively
Plasmodium and Giardia
-
system of classification or naming organisms
Taxonomy
-
Genus + species, ie - Homo sapiens
Binomial name
-
Evolutionary relatedness
Phylogeny
-
If a feature is present in ancestral species and all descendants, the character is ______?
Homologous
-
DNA dating to date how long ago ancestors lived
Molecular clock
-
How recently two ancestors shared a common ancestor
Evolutionary relatedness
-
monophyuletic lineage, lineage from one ancestor ie - one "branch"
Clade
-
a feature of an organism
character
-
character not seen in early ancestors of an organism ex - reptiles HAD legs
Derived character - apomorphic
-
Character seen in early ancestors of an organism
Ancestral - plesiomorphic
-
The group of a cladogram being organized
Ingroup
-
Closely related group but not being analyzed of a cladogram
Outgroup
-
Scientific preference for simplest possible explanation of data (when interpreting cladogram phylogenys)
Parsimony
-
what does an outgroup determine in a cladogram, and what is the purpose of the outgroup
Outgroup determines the ancestral state of all characters - used as a control
-
What does Parsimony aim for in cladograms?
Parsimony aims for the simplest possible cladogram
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