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structure
- institutional organizations within society
- composition and combinations of the elements of knowledge
- the sequence of events in a folktale
- behaviour that conforms to societal norms
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anti-structure
- institutionalized liminal statuses on society's margins
- emergent institutions that challenge society's structure
- behaviour that mocks/inverts codes of behaviour (often in socially sanctioned ritual experiences)
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purity and pollution
binary opposition of life-enhancing structure and life-diminishing anti-structure
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intentions of ritual
- separate one from everyday life
- dissolve one’s social status,
- transform the individual, and then
- return him or her to everyday life transformed in some way (new status, refreshed, reaffirmed, etc.)
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Separation
the stage of a ritual during which individuals are removed from their community or status
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Liminality
- a ritual phase or permanent condition of marginality in which many of the structures and classifications imposed by social institutions are dissolved
- the stage of a ritual in which one has passed out of an old status but not yet entered a new one
- altered state of consciousness
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Communitas
- the perceived state of oneness an individual experiences upon entering with others into a liminal phase or condition
- perceived solidarity, equality, and unity among people
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Reincorporation
the stage of a ritual during which a participant is returned to his or her community with a new status
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Romanticism
- an 18th and 19th Century reaction in Europe against neoclassicism and rationalism
- values nature, emotion, and imagination
- given expression through the use of symbol and myth
- what lies beyond life and the mysterious dark
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graveyard poetry
- Imagery of death
Nature
- The afterlife
- The surreal or preternatural
Graveyard imagery/funeral imagery
Passionate/dramatic language
Symbolism of death and the afterlife
- Melancholic mood
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gothic
- (lit.) refers to a dark story often containing elements of suspense or the paranormal
- a critique of society bereft of a life-enhancing dynamic
- creates and explores psychological tension
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terror
extreme rational fear of some accepted form of reality where the nature of the danger is clear
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horror
- an extreme irrational fear of the utterly unnatural or the “supernatural.”
- the feeling of dread and anticipation occurs before something frightening is experience
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Gothic substitutions
- terror for love
- death for sexuality
- dream and imagination for reason
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Gothic transformations
- happy homes to houses of ruin
- nobel minds to minds in ruin
- sanity to madness
- normal time to time distorted
- security of relationship to fear of abandonment
- engagement in life to obsession
- justice to revenge
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Jack the Ripper
- salient because of economic uncertainty, heightened class tension, and police ineptitude of the time
- suspected immigrants, Prince Albert, mental institution escape
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urban legends
- a form of folklore that consists of friend-of-a friend stories that may or may not be based in actual event, but are told AS IF they are.
- As cautionary tales, urban legends give expression to what is expected to happen (but generally never does)
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horror films
- industry success depends on appealing to the folk
- speak symbolically to our fearful expectations about the future
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