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Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology

  1. The brain and spinal cord make up the ___.
    CNS
  2. The peripheral nervous system can be divided into what two parts?
    • Cranial and Spinal Nerves or
    • Somatic and Autonomic Systems
  3. The spinal nerves of the SNS are further divided into the ___ and ___.
    somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
  4. The somatic nervous system contains sensory neurons that go where????
    to the skin, muscles and joints
  5. The autonomic nervous systems is divided into 3 parts.. what are they?
    Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric subdivisions
  6. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for the ____ of the body.
    involuntary innervation of various organ systems of the body
  7. When you think of PNS..what is the first thing you should think of???
    VAGAL NERVE
  8. What are the two primary cells of the CNS?
    neurons and neuroglial (or glial)
  9. What is the basic function cell of the CNS?
    Neuron
  10. The neuron consist of what 3 parts?
    • 1. cell body (soma or perikaryon)
    • 2. dendrites
    • 3. axon
  11. Dendrites conduct impulses ___ the body of the neuron.
    Towards

    *the point of dendrites is to carry the impulse throughout the body
  12. Axons conduct impulses ___ the body of the neuron.
    away
  13. Unipolar cell bodys are only found in ___.
    invertebrates
  14. Bipolar cell bodies are found in what 3 locations?
    retina, ears, olfactory mucosa
  15. Which neuron cell bodies branch into 2 cells, are present in the dorsal and cranial ganglia and enable impulses to travel from the dendrite to the axon without passing thru the cell body?
    pseudounipolar
  16. Which neuron cell body is the most abundant of the CNS neurons?
    Multipolar

    ***these have multiple dendrites but only one axon
  17. What part (gray or white matter) of the CNS is composed of neuron cell bodies???
    gray matter
  18. What part (gray or white matter) of the CNS is composed of myelinated axons???
    white matter
  19. Neurons are classified by their ____.
    function

    IE: motor, sensory or interneurons
  20. Motor neurons are classified as ____.
    What is their function?
    • 1. multipolar
    • 2. control effector tissue of muscles and glands
  21. Sensory neurons are classified as ___.
    What is their function?
    • 1. pseudounipolar
    • 2. they receive sensory data
  22. Interneurons are classified as ____.
    What is their function?
    • 1. pseudounipolar
    • 2. they connect adjacent neurons
  23. Which part of the membrane surface of a neuron is in contact with the ECF?
    hydrophillic
  24. What is the purpose of the neurofilaments and neurotubules???
    they provide the structural support and pathway for intracellular transport of neurotransmitters ---this is how the cells communicate with each other.
  25. Which are there more of... neuronal cells or glial cells? and which are smaller??
    • Glial
    • and Glial!
  26. What is the difference between neuronal and glial cells?
    glial cells lack dendritic and axonal processes
  27. What are the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS? What is the type of cell that is present in the peripheral nervous system???
    astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells

    schwann cells
  28. Most neoplasm arise from ____.
    astrocytes
  29. What is the predominant glial cell?
    astrocytes
  30. Fibrous astrocytes are found in___?
    white matter
  31. Protoplasmic astrocytes are found in ___.
    gray matter
  32. What are the 2 jobs of astrocytes?
    • provide structural neuronal support
    • and are active in the repair of neuronal injury
  33. Which glial cells have processes radiating from the cell?? and what are these called? what is their purpose?
    • 1. astrocytes --gives them a star shaped appearance
    • 2. perivascular feet
    • 3. protect vessels...they are essential in the formation of the BBB
  34. Oligodendrocytes have ____ than astrocytes.
    fewer branches
  35. What do oligodendrocytes form?  What is the concern with these cells?
    • 1. they form the myelin sheath of axons in the BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
    • 2. they are incapable of regeneration after injury... so once they're gone they're gone!!!

    **ALSO....they can myelinate more than one axon
  36. The velocity of the impulse increases as the _____ increase.
    diameter of the axon
  37. Besides increasing the square root of the diameter of the axon, what else can increase the velocity?
    myelin
  38. What cells form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
    Schwann cells
  39. Unlike oligodendrocytes, schwann cells myelinate _______.
    only 1 axon

    **will surround the axon in layers
  40. What are the nonmyelinated portions of the axon called?
    Nodes of Ranvier
  41. What is it called when conduction jumps from one node to another??
    Saltatory conduction
  42. What are the smallest neuroglial cells?
    microglial
  43. Which glial cells are scattered all throughout the CNS and function at the sites of injury or sites of degeneration?? At these sites they proliferate and develop into large macrophages that phagocytize neuronal debri..
    Microglial Cells

    **their job is to get rid of debri
  44. Which cells line the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain and the central spinal canal?
    Ependymal Cells
  45. What do ependymal cells secrete?
    CSF
  46. Which cells form the cuboidal epithelium aka the choroid plexus?
    Ependymal Cells
  47. What is the purpose of the Blood Brain Barrier?
    to isolate the brain and spinal cord from the rest of the body
  48. What areas of the brain lack the BBB?
    area of postrema, pituitary gland, pineal gland, choroid plexus and portions of the hypothalamus

    ** these areas receive neurosecretory products from the blood
  49. Which cells are said to prevent hemorrhagic strokes?? or hemorrhage in general?
    astrocytes
  50. What word would you use to describe the BBB of a newborn?
    immature

    **things can get to newborns that can't get to us because of immunity... newborns have not built up an immunity yet
  51. What are a collection of dense cell bodies in the CNS called?
    Nuclei
  52. What are a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called?
    Gangli
  53. When BBB disruption occurs because of trauma, hemorrhage or ischemia, what happens?
    substances that normally would not be able to can penetrate the BBB and get to the brain
  54. The cerebral hemispheres contain what 4 parts?
    • 1. cerebral cortex
    • 2. hippocampal formation
    • 3. amygdala
    • 4. basal ganglia
  55. The surface of the cerebral cortex is convoluted..what does this mean?? and why is it like this?
    it has lots of wrinkles

    these wrinkles work to increase the surface area
  56. Gyri refers to what??
    the elevated part of the cerebral cortex
  57. Sulci refers to what?
    the grooves in the cerebral cortex that separate the gryi (or elevated portion)
  58. What are the fissures in the cerebral cortex?
    the deeper groves noted on the surface
  59. The medial longitudinal fissure divides ___________.
    the cerebral hemispheres into right and left halves
  60. The lateral fissure of Sylvius and central sulcus of Rolando divide __________.
    the hemispheres into 4 lobes.
  61. How are the lobes in the brain named?
    by the parts of bone that lie above them
  62. The central sulcus separates ______ and ______lobes.
    frontal and parietal
  63. What is the frontal lobe essential for?
    motor control
  64. What is the parietal lobe essential for?
    senses of pain and touch
  65. The cerebral cortex is divided into _____ areas called _____.
    • 50
    • Brodmann's area
  66. Voluntary muscle movement is controlled in which gyrus?? What Brodmanns area is this?
    In the precentral gyrus or Brodmanns area 4
  67. What makes up the primary somatosensory area 1 also called the cortex? ie...what Brodmanns areas are involved to make up the somatosensory area 1?
    Brodmanns areas 1, 2, 3
  68. Brodmann's areas 5 and 7 function as the _________.
    somatosensory association area
  69. Which gyrus is the control area of sensation of touch, pain, and limb position??  also..which lobe is this are in???
    in the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe
  70. The temporal lobe contains the ______ cortex.
    auditory
  71. The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the ____ fissure.
    Sylvian
  72. Where does the occipital lobe lie?
    posterior to the parietooccipital sulcus
  73. Which lobe of the brain houses the visual cortex?
    Occipital lobe
  74. The visual cortex lies within the wall of the _______ fissure on the medial brain surface.
    calcarine
  75. Where does the corpus callosum lie?
    deep in the long fissure
  76. The fibers of the hemispheres are located where?? and what do they do??
    Corpus Callosum

    they interconnect the hemispheres
  77. The basal ganglia are involved with???
    the control of movement
  78. The amygdala functions in relation to what 3 things???
    • emotional behavior
    • response to pain and appetite
    • response to stress
  79. The hippocampal formation is essential for _____ and _____.
    memory formation and learning
  80. Where is the diencephalon located?  What does it contain?
    midline between the hemispheres


    contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
  81. What does the thalamus do??
    The thalamus integrates and transmits sensory information to various cortical areas of the cerebral hemispheres.
  82. The hypothalamus is also known as ____.
    the MASTER neurohormonal organ
  83. What four things are controlled in the hypothalamus?
    • a.       Hormones
    • b.      ADH-water balance
    • c.       Temperature control
    • d.      Sleep function
  84. What 3 things form the brainstem?
    midbrain, pons, and medulla
  85. The brainstem functions to maintain what 3 things via the reticular activating system?
    • -alertness
    • -arousal
    • -consciousness
  86. The pons is ____ to the cerebellum.  It is separated by the 4th ventricle.  It connects the ____ to the ____.
    • 1st blank  -- Anterior
    • 2nd blank -- medulla oblongata
    • 3rd blank -- midbrain
  87. The pons contains ascending and descending fiber tracts and the nuclei of the ____ and ___ nerve.
    • trigeminal (5th CN)
    • and facial (7th CN)
  88. What extends from the pons to the foramen magnum?
    Medulla
  89. The medulla contains what 2 control centers?
    Respiratory and Cardiovascular control centers
  90. What nuclei (aka nerves?) are located in the medulla??
    • vestibulocochlear nerve (8)
    • glosspharyngeal (9)
    • vagus (10)
    • spinal accessory nerve (11)
    • hypoglossal nerve (12)
  91. The outer part of the cerebellum is what color?? what color is the inner part?
    • gray on the outside
    • and white on the inside
  92. Where does the cerebellum lie?
    below the occipital lobe and behind the pons and medulla
  93. Name the 3 functional areas of the cerebellum?
    • Neocerebellum
    • archeocerebellum
    • paleocerebellum
  94. Which part of the cerebellum function areas is the largest?
    neocerebellum
  95. Which part of the cerebellum's functional areas controls the coordination of muscle activity?
    neocerebellum
  96. What part of the cerebellum's functional areas maintains equilibrium?
    archeocerebellum
  97. What part of the cerebellum's functional areas regulates muscle tone?
    paleocerebellum
  98. What is the main job of the cerebellum?
    to integrate information to the lower motor neurons involved in maintenance of muscle tone, equilibrium, and voluntary muscle activity
  99. The brain and spinal cord are covered by what 3 meningeal layers?
    • 1. Dura mater
    • 2. arachnoid mater
    • 3. pia mater
  100. What does the dura mater form? The dura mater is also known as???
    • 1. forms falx cerebri (fold that seperates the cerebral hemispheres)
    • 2. tough mother (it is the thickest layer)
  101. Where is the subarachnoid space? Where does it end?
    between the arachnoid and pia mater

    ends at S2 and S3
  102. Where is the epidural space?
    the space is located outside the dura but inside the spinal canal
  103. The spinal cord extends from the ____ to the ____.
    medulla to the filum terminale
  104. The dorsal white matter of the spinal cord is composed of ______.
    ascending sensory fiber tracts.

    **contains afferent nerves that carry impulses towards the CNS
  105. The lateral and ventral white matter of the spinal cord contain ___________.
    descending motor tracts.


    **contains efferent nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS
  106. The spinal cord is divided into regions by the entering dorsal sensory nerve roots and the outgoing ventral nerve routes.. what are these 3 regions?
    dorsal, lateral, ventral
  107. The central core of the spinal cord is what color?
    gray
  108. A cross section of the spinal cord reveals a ___ shape??
    H
  109. List the cranial nerves..which ones are sensory, motor or mixed?
    • –I-olfactory nerve(sensory)
    • –II-optic nerve(sensory)
    • –III-oculomotor(motor)
    • –IV-Trochlear(motor)
    • –V-trigeminal (mixed)
    • –VI-Abducens(motor)
    • –VII-facial (mixed)
    • –VIII-vestibulocochlear (sensory)
    • –IX-glossopharyngeal(mixed)
    • –X-vagus(mixed)
    • –XI-Spinal accessory (motor)
    • –XII-hypoglossal (motor)
  110. There are
    ____ cervical spinal nerves
    ____thoracic spinal nerves
    ____ lumbar spinal nerves
    ____ sacral spinal nerves
    _____coccygeal spinal nerves
    • 8
    • 12
    • 5
    • 5
    • 1
  111. Where do the first pair of cervical nerves exit the spinal cord??? Where do all the other nerve pairs exit the spinal cord?
    • 1. between the base of the skull and the first cervical vertebra (atlas)
    • 2. remaining pairs exit between adjacent vertebrae
  112. T4 is considered to be at the level of the _____.
    nipple line
  113. T10 is considered to be at the level of the _____.
    umbilicus
  114. Except for C1, each spinal nerve receives sensory input from specific areas called ______.
    dermatomes
  115. All the exiting spinal nerves are covered by ____.
    pia mater
  116. Because the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal in adults, the ____ and ___ nerves have ______ (short or long) roots.  These roots are called ______.
    • 1st blank -- lumbar
    • 2nd blank -- sacral
    • 3rd blank -- long
    • 4th blank -- cauda equina
  117. Where does the spinal cord end in correlation with the vertebrae?
    L1
  118. The right and left sides of the spinal cord core are connected by gray commissure.  What is the middle of this commissure called?
    Central canal
  119. The core of the spinal cord consists of two ___ and two thicker ____.
    • dorsal horns (posterior)
    • and two thicker ventral horns (anterior)
  120. Intermediolateral gray horns or columns of the spinal cord and found between ______ and ___.
    T1 and L2
  121. The gray matter of the spinal cord is subdivided into 10 laminae of Rexed which are similar to Brodmann's areas in the brain.  Rexed Laminae areas 1 through 6 are located where??? and what do they do?
    in the Dorsal horn (posterior)

    they receive sensory information
  122. Laminae 5, 6, and 10 contain a large number of _____.
    interneurons
  123. Projections form the Laminae form _______ _____.
    Afferent tracts
  124. Laminae 7, 8 and 9 make up the ____ ___.  They contain motor neurons and interneurons that are involved in _____.
    ventral horn (anterior)

    motor function
  125. The gray matter of the spinal cord contains 2 enlarged areas... where are these areas located in relation to the vertebrae?
    • 1. C5-C7 CERVICAL AREA INNERVATES UPPER EXTREMITIES
    • 2. L3-S2 LUMBAR AREA INNERVATES LOWER EXTREMITIES
  126. Each spinal nerve has two points of attachment to the spinal cord...what are these two points?
    The dorsal root and ventral root.
  127. When the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord they divide into what???
    6-8 rootlets that enter the spinal cord
  128. Distal to the dorsal rootlets at spinal cord are swellings called ____ _____ ____.  What do they contain?
    dorsal root ganglion

    they contain somas of afferent neurons
  129. The nerves that exit the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen divide into what 3 areas?
    Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, small meningeal branch
  130. What does the dorsal ramus innervate muscles and joints?
    in the region of the spine and the skin of the back
  131. What does the ventral ramus innervate?
    innervates ventral and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk and gives rise to the nerves in the limbs
  132. What does the small meningeal branch of nerves do?
    it reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae and spinal ligaments
  133. The outermost covering of the peripheral nerves is called the __________.  The bundles or fascicles of axons in each nerve are covered by the ________, and each axon in a fascicle is surrounded by the ____________.
    • 1st blank -epineurium
    • 2nd blank -perineurium (covers a bundle of nerves)
    • 3rd blank -endoneurium (covers each neuron)
  134. Peripheral nerves are classified according to their diameter.  A alpha means they have the _____ diameter.
    largest
  135. C fibers are the _________ and __________ nerve fibers.
    smallest and slowest
  136. Put these fibers in order based on which is the largest...
    A delta, B, C, A beta, A alpha, A gamma
    • 1. A alpha
    • 2. A beta
    • 3. A gamma
    • 4. A delta
    • 5. B
    • 6. C
  137. Somatic muscle fibers arise from the motor neurons in the ________ ________.  They exit the spinal cord via the ____ ________.
    ventral horn

    ventral root
  138. When motor neurons join with sensory neurons what is formed?
    a mixed nerve


    **when the mixed nerve approaches the site of innervation, the motor and sensory fibers will separate to do their job
  139. What are 4 things to remember about reflexes?
    • 1. they require stimulation to elicit a response
    • 2. they occur quickly
    • 3.  they are involuntary
    • 4.  they are stereotyped..they do the same thing everytime!!!!
  140. Afferent nerve fibers are found on ______ nerve tracts.
    ascending... carry something to the CNS
  141. Efferent nerve fibers are on _______ nerve tracts.
    descending....they carry away from CNS to muscle
  142. What role does the skeletal muscle play in reflex arcs?
    the muscle carries out the reflex
  143. What is the stretch reflex?
    the reflex that only allows your muscles to stretch so far and then they fight back to maintain equilibrium and posture.
  144. A stretch reflex forms a ____ reflex arc which means it involves ____.
    monosynaptic reflex arc which means it only involves 1 synapse
  145. What is an example of a stretch reflex?
    patella tendon reflex
  146. What is the flexor withdrawal reflex?
    ex. hand on a hot stove.. you automatically jerk back

    is it the quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus
  147. The flexor withdrawal reflex forms a ______ reflex arc which means it involves _____.
    polysynaptic ---many synapses
  148. What occurs with the flexers and extensers in the affected limb with the flexor withdrawal reflex?
    the flexers will contract and the extensions will relax in the threatened limb.
  149. Explain what occurs with the crossed extensor reflex?
    After a stimulus elicits a flexor reflex in one limb, the other limb begins to extend to maintain balance and to allow the body to push itself away from the painful stimuli.

    ---contralateral reflex--- sensory data is received on the opposite body part than the one in pain
  150. Ascending spinal tracts carry sensory information ____ the spinal cord.
    up
  151. Descending spinal tracts carry sensory info ___ the spinal cord.
    down
  152. Sensory signals travels across 3 neurons in the ascending spinal tracts from their origin to the destination.  What does the first order neuron do with the signal??  What about the 2nd and 3rd order neurons?
    The first order neuron detects stimuli and transmits it to the spinal cord or brain stem.

    The 2nd and 3rd order neurons continue to carry the signal to the sensory area of the cerebral cortex... (the 2nd goes to the thalamus and then the 3rd carries it the rest of the way).
  153. Pain, temperature, and crude sensations travel via the ______ and _____ ________ ______.
    anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts.
  154. Vibration, proprioception and fine tactile sensations travel via the _____ or the ____ ____ ____.
    dorsal column or the medial lemniscal system
  155. Which spinal tract supplies the voluntary muscles of the head and neck??
    • corticospinal
    • **this tract carries motor signals from the cerebral cortex for finely coordinated limb movements

    **remember this is a descending nerve tract
  156. What arises from the brain and spinal cord and transmits efferent signals to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and some glands?
    autonomic preganglionic fibers
  157. What part of the cardiac output does the brain receive?
    15% or approx. 50ml/100g/min.
  158. The brain is equal to what % of the body weight?
    2%
  159. What two systemic arteries supply blood to the brain??
    • the anterior receives blood from the carotids
    • the posterior receives blood from the vertebral arteries.
  160. The two arterial systems of the CNS communicate via the _____ __ _____.
    circle of willis
  161. Where do the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries originate from?
    Circle of Willis
  162. Which artery bifurcates to form the anterior and middle cerebral arteries?
    internal carotid artery
  163. What does the anterior cerebral artery of the brain supply?
    the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere
  164. What does the middle cerebral artery supply within the brain?
    the lateral surface of the hemisphere
  165. What do striate arteries branch from and what do they supply?
    branch from the middle cerebral arteries... supply the internal capsule and motor tracks.
  166. Where do the vertebral arteries branch from and what do they form??
    branch from the subclavian artery...they form the basilar artery

    these arteries supply a wide area of the brain**
  167. Venous blood will drain from the brain via what two systems?
    dual venous sinuses and the great vein of Galen and the straight sinus
  168. Which two arteries supply the spinal cord??
    Anterior spinal artery --supplies anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

    Posterior spinal artery --supplies posterior 2/3 of spinal cord
  169. The cervical cord is supplied by the ____ and ___ arteries.
    Vertebral and radicular arteries
  170. The thoracic and lumber spinal cord are supplied by the _____ arteries.
    radicular
  171. What supplies the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord?
    Artery of Adamkiewicz
  172. In 75% of patients the Artery of Adamkiewicz arises on the left side of the aorta between ___ and ____.
    T8 and L1
  173. The neuron that is sending info is called the ____ neuron.  What do these neurons release?
    presynaptic


    neurotransmitters
  174. The neuron that receives info is the ____ neuron.
    postsynaptic
  175. If a neurotransmitter is said to be excitatory it will increase the permeability to???
    NA
  176. If a neurotransmitter is said to be inhibitory it will increase the permeability to???
    Cl
  177. Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?
    excitatory
Author
Corissa.Stovall
ID
242194
Card Set
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
Description
Test 4
Updated

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