Biology Exam 3 Chapter 8

  1. What is metabolism? What processes is it responsible for? What does it require?
    All chemical reactions within the cell; digestion, growth, reproduction, photosynthesis, healing, etc; energy
  2. What is energy? What is its relation to work?
    Energy is the capacity to cause a change; work is specific energy transfer causing a change.
  3. What process is the responsible for the transformation or transfer of energy?
    Metabolism
  4. Within a cell or organism, what is responsible/needed for the synthesis or movement of molecules?
    Energy
  5. What happens when energy is lost within a cell?
    Energy radiates out as heat and is lost
  6. What are some different types and sources of energy?
    Light/photons (sun), chemical (bonds broken/formed), electrochemical potential (charges equalizing, ions diffusing)
  7. What type of energy is photosynthesis and how does this process work?
    light energy; chlorophyll absorb energy which excites electrons; excited electrons fuel synthesisof organic molecules from CO2
  8. What type of energy is responsible for cision and archaea ATP synthesis?
    Light energy
  9. How does light energy affect retinal?
    • Light energy causes change between cis- &
    • trans- isomers
  10. How can light energy cause DNA damage?
    • It can cause p53 gene mutations and is
    • responsible for Dimers within DNA
  11. What is the process of catabolism? What type of
    energy is it responsible for? What are some examples of catabolism in action?
    • Catabolism is the process of breaking down
    • molecules; chemical energy; hydrolysis of macromolecules to release energy to
    • make NADH or ATP, glycolysis, lipolysis, citric acid cycle
  12. How are NADH/NADPH used for chemical energy?
    • They donate electrons (energy transfer) to other
    • molecules
  13. How is ATP used for chemical energy?
    It donates a phosphate to other molecules
  14. Explain the process of chemosynthesis. Who uses this?
    Chemosynthesis is the process of fixating CO2without sun energy. Simple molecules/ions like H2 or Fe2+ donate electrons totransfer energy to other molecules; deep sea vents
  15. What process makes use of energy from the
    diffusion of protons to make ATP?
    Chemiosmosis/proton motive force
  16. What is anabolism?
    The synthesis of molecules
  17. What is the first law of thermodynamics?
    Energy can be transformed and transferred but it can’t be created or destroyed
  18. What is the transfer of energy? What is the
    transformation of energy?
    • Energy that stays as the same type but is moved
    • to a different object; one form of energy changing into another form
    • (light->chemical)
  19. What is a byproduct of the
    transfer/transformation of energy? Which direction does it go?
    Heat; outwards
  20. Does heat do work? How is it transferred?
    • No; movements, vibrations, collisions,
    • compressions, friction
  21. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
    Energy us always dissipating and diffusing
  22. Define the terms enthalpy and entropy.
    • Enthalpy is the energy present within
    • macromolecules; entropy is the energy lost as heat
  23. What is enthalpy? Where is this energy found?
    • The energy stored within a cell; chemical bonds,
    • gradients
  24. What is entropy? How can this process happen?
    • All the energy that is leaving the cell; heat
    • dissipating, molecules breaking into smaller molecules, diffusion of
    • ions/molecules
  25. How do enthalpy and entropy work simultaneously
    in the process of cell metabolism?
    • Energy is turned into macromolecules (enthalpy),
    • but at each step in this process, energy is lost (usually as heat) (entropy)
  26. How can we measure a change in enthalpy?
    • By examining the chemical energy within the
    • reactants vs the chemical energy in the products
  27. What is an endothermic reaction and how does it affect the change in enthalpy?
    • An endothermic reaction involves the absorption
    • of heat energy. The reactants have less energy and the products have more
    • energy (deltaH is positive)
  28. What is an exothermic reaction and how does it
    affect the change in enthalpy?
    • An exothermic reaction involves the release of
    • hear energy. The reactants have more energy than the products (less chemical
    • bonding)
  29. How does the second law of thermodynamics relate to entropy?
    • If energy is always dissipating or diffusing,
    • then entropy is always increasing and energy is becoming more and more spread
    • out
  30. What is free energy? What is the formula for
    free energy? What does a plus or minus value for free energy mean?
    • The amount of energy available for work after
    • compensating for H (enthalpy) and S (entropy) (8-34); ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
    • (8-33); Plus is an endergonic process and energy is available to do work, negative
    • is an exergonic process and energy is lost
  31. Because of the second law of thermodynamics, are
    all processes of the universe endergonic or exergonic? What is the consequence
    of this process?
    • Exergonic (8-36); Less energy is available to
    • work so we must eat to supply more energy or plants must receive more sunlight
  32. How is enthalpy put to use as free energy to do
    work if every process in the universe is exergonic? Give an example of this
    process.
    • Energy coupling (8-39), An exergonic process is
    • used to drive an endergonic process; Glutamate is synthesized into glutamine-An
    • exergonic reaction occurs when ATP hydrolysis releases energy which is then
    • used to create bonds (an endergonic reaction) between Glutamate and an amino
    • group; the overall free energy of the reaction is still negative though so it
    • is an overall exergonic process
  33. Is sunshine an endergonic or exergonic process?
    Why?
    • Exergonic; most is radiated as heat and only a
    • small amount is used in photosynthesis (an endergonic process)
  34. What is an enzyme used for? How does it do this?
    • It makes reactions easier to take place (8-43);
    • It does this lowering the energy of the transition state or stabilizing the
    • reaction
  35. What is a transition state?
    • A transition state represents the stage in which
    • a reaction occurs. This process requires an endergonic process (needs to take
    • in energy) before settling into a net exergonic reaction
  36. What is a catalyst? What are two common types and how do they work?
    A catalyst is something that increases the rateof a reaction; Heat energy increases collisions of molecules and the chances ofreaching the transition state; enzymes are proteins that stabilize or lower theenergy of the transition state
  37. How can enzymes lower activation energy?
    • By orienting two substrates to favor a specific
    • interaction, by putting stress on bonds to induce transition state, and by
    • making transient bond
  38. True or false: Enzymes are modified after they
    are used making them unusable again
    False
  39. True or false: Enzymes affect the overall deltaG
    False
  40. What is the process of an enzyme modifying a
    molecule?
    • The substrate (the molecule being modified)
    • binds to the active site of the enzyme
  41. What is the common naming procedure for enzymes?
    • They often end in –ase and are generally named
    • for the substrate they bind
  42. What is an allosteric site?
    • A spot where other molecules (regulators) bind
    • to affect enzyme function
  43. How might an enzyme be allosterically modified?
    • A regulator binds to the allosteric site of an
    • enzyme and modifies the active site of the enzyme by either activating it or
    • inhibiting it.
  44. Describe the process of feedback inhibition.
    • The product of an enzymatic reaction acts to
    • inhibit the same enzyme
  45. Besides a regulator allosterically inhibiting an
    enzyme, how else might the enzyme become inhibited?
    • Through competition inhibition when an inhibitor
    • binds to the active site of the enzyme
  46. Describe the difference between allosteric and
    competitive inhibition.
    • In an allosteric inhibition, a molecule binds to
    • the allosteric site and modifies the active site of the enzyme. In competitive
    • inhibition, a molecule binds to the active site, preventing the substrate from
    • binding
  47. What is the purpose of a cofactor for an enzyme?
    What are some examples?
    • Ions/molecules required for an enzyme to
    • function; many essential vitamins and minerals
  48. What can affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed
    reaction?
    pH and heat
  49. Describe the flow of energy
    • Cells obtain energy by either converting light energy to chemical energy or through
    • the catabolism of nutrients. The energy is then converted into usable form such
    • as ATP. The energy is
Author
Anonymous
ID
242192
Card Set
Biology Exam 3 Chapter 8
Description
Bio I exam 3 Chapter 8
Updated