-
Nuclear Envelope
- Double-membrane structure enclosing
- nucleus
- Outer membrane of the nuclear envelope connects with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
- Nuclear pores provide
- passageways
- ***Materials within the nucleus are not part
- of the endomembrane system
-
inside the nucleus
chromatin and nucleolus
-
The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried
out by the ribosomes
yes
-
nuclear membrane
double membrane made of bilayer
-
shape of nucleus dictated by
nuclear lamina
-
cytoskeleton types
- Microtubules
- Intermediate
- Actin
-
cytoskeleton fx
- 1.Support
- the cell and maintain its shape
- 2.Assist
- with cellular motility
- 3.Movement
- inside the cell -vesicles can travel along “monorails” provided by the cytoskeleton
-
Motor proteins
Category of cellular proteins that use ATP as a source of energy to promote movement
Three domains called the head, hinge, and tail
-
-
cytoplasmic streaming
- circular flow in cytoplasm
- help distribute material
-
how do we know what we know about cells
cell fractionation - pulls cells apart and separates organelles (via ultracentrifuges)
-
ribosome
- ribosomal RNA and protein
- makes protein
- in cytosol and ER
- made in nucleolus
-
endomembrane system
- collection of membranous organelles that manufactures and distributes cell products
- some connected some via vesicle
-
endoplasmic reticulum
- continuous with nucleus
- smooth and rough
-
smooth ER
- no ribosomes
- synthesize lipids
- detoxify
-
rough ER
- has ribosomes
- modifies proteins
-
glycolysation
add sugar to polypeptide in rough ER
-
Golgi Body
Stack of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments
Vesicles transport materials between stacks
Secretion,processing, and protein sorting (factory)
-
cis side of golgi body
receive
-
trans side of golgi body
shipping site
-
lysosome
- trashcan/junk yard/recycle
- digestive enzyme
- autophagy (eat itself)
-
phagocytosis
eat another cell
-
peroxisome
- General function to catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing
- hydrogen or adding oxygen
By-product of reaction is H2O2
Catalase breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen
-
plasma membrane
- Membrane transport in and out of cell (Selectively permeable)
- Cell signaling using receptors
- Cell adhesion
-
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are
semiautonomous
-
mitochondria
ATP power house
-
chloroplast
- only in plant cell and algae
- light energy ---> glucose
- Outerand inner membrane with an intermembrane space and a thylakoid membrane
-
plant cell
- made of cellulose
- Connect by plasmodesmata, which are connecting channels
- Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists
-
junctions in animal cell
Tight junctions can bind cells together into leak proof sheets (digestive tract)
Anchoring junctions link animal cells into strong tissues (skin)
Gap junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell (animal embryos)
-
proteome
determines cell characteristics
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