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i. when proteins with __carry out its normal function, it exhibits a __
1. determining the precise nature of the deficiency provides information on the function of the normal protein
- mutations
- characteristic deficiency
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i. Use of yeast: vesicles bud from the __and travel to the __ where they fuse with the __
1. to identify genes and their involvement in the __, screening for mutant cells exhibiting abnormal distributions of __ is done
- ER
- Golgi complex
- Golgi cisternae
- secretory pathway
- cytoplasmic membranes
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i. Researchers have isolated dozens of different mutants which, taken as a group, exhibit disruptions in virtually every step of the __
1. the genes responsible for these defects have been cloned and sequenced, and the proteins they encode have been isolated, which allow searching for __
- secretory pathway
- homologous proteins
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i. one of the most important lessons: dynamic activities of the __ are highly conserved
1. similar proteins are used
a. __ of cells belies their underlying molecular similarities
i. in many cases, proteins from widely divergent species are __
- endomembrane system
- structural diversity
- interchangeable
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i. researchers interested in searching for genes that affect a particular cellular process in plant or animal cells have used __
1. cells produce __ that bind to specific __and inhibit the __of these __into proteins
a. each mRNA represents the __; therefore, one can find which genes are involved in a particular process by determining which __interfere with that process
- RNA interference
- small RNAs (siRNAs)
- mRNAs
- translation
- mRNAs
- expression of a specific gene
- siRNAs
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1. of the 130 different __ that were found to interfere in some way with the __, 31 of them generated a phenotype similar to the __that has caused the fluorescent enzyme to remain in the ER, which has fused with the Golgi membranes
- siRNAs
- secretory pathway
- siRNA
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i. because it is easier to synthesize a __ than to generate an organism with a mutant gene, __has become a common strategy to investigate the effect of a missing protein
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