Chapter 73

• Viral infection that includes more than 200 known viruses.
• Rhino virus is most common
• Differs from "the flu" by intensity of symptoms
• Symptoms: runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, coughing, malaise(body aches) mild headaches, watery eyes.

• Common with many respiratory track infections
• Causes painful, dry, scratchy throat, low grade fever.
• Can cause breathing or swallowing problems if pus in back of throat.
• Also cause body rash or blood tinged secretions

• Caused by virus, bacteria, or environmental allergens
• Symptoms: itchy, red, sensitivity to light, photo sensitivity.
• Highly contagious, viral usually clears in 2 weeks

• Infection of the Epstein- Barr virus: one of the herpes viruses
• infects the salivary glands, is transmitted by droplets in saliva coughs, and sneezes. 
• Greatest risk of spleen rupture during the second thru fourth weeks
• Systemic steroids may be used
• Fatigue and weakness last several weeks

• Deer tick carries the bacteria
• Pass to human or animal by bite
• Symptoms may appear 3 to 31 days after bite
• flu like symptoms
• Presents with ring shaped rash
• with rash easily diagnosed and treated
• without rash bacteria travels through blood, settles in tissue, begins to multiply
• Appears mostly on the thighs, groin, trunk, armpits, and on the faces of children.

• Skin eruption caused by hormonal changes during puberty
• Usually develops first during puberty
• Blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, cyst, nodules, and scarring characterize acne
• most commonly seen on face, back, chest, and upper arms
• Diet plays no significant role in the development or progression of acne.
• Affects 85% of the population between 12 and 25 years of age

• Topical and systemic medications
• Intense pulse light therapies for some forms
• Serial treatments of IPL can reduce the size of skin pores
• Dermabrasion, surgical means of smoothing the skin

• An infection caused by staphylococci, streptococci, or mixed bacteria.
• Reddened vesicles break open and leave sticky, honey-colored crust, usually on the face and hands.
• Highly contagious, Transmission Based Precautions
• Good hand washing is essential
• Keep infected persons towels and linens away from others.  discourage the child from scratching or touching infected sites.
• Remove crusts with soap and water.
• Antibacterial topical or systemic medications are essential.

• Common fungal infection that attacks the skin between the toes.
• It forms watery blisters in moist, weepy spots that burn and itch.
• caused by Candida Albicans
• Grows in dark, damp places and is found on the floors of public baths, showers, locker rooms, and pools.

• Because school age children and adolescents are usually active they are subject to many kinds of injuries.
• Fractures, burns, and other forms of trauma are common in this age group.

Other than trauma most common musculoskeletal problems affecting school age children and adolescents

• An exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine in which the pelvis tips forward
• May be caused by obesity.
• Also associated with hip dislocations or contractures
• Is Accompanied by pain

• An abnormal curvature of the thoracic spine that results in a "hunchback" appearance
• Can result from disease (tuberculosis), compression fracture, or arthritis
• Can be caused by pore posture

• Lateral curvature of the spine (side to side).
• Most common postural defect and is seen more frequently in girls than in boys.
• Two types: Functional and Structural
• Functional results from poor posture
• Structural- is rare- caused by defects in spinal muscles or bone

• Generalized systemic disease of the entire musculoskeletal system.
• Can lead to deformities, countractures, and impaired movement. 
• Girls are affected more than boys
• Presents as painful joint movement and subcutaneous nodules.
• Child's growth may be arrested; malformation may result from uneven maturation of bones or joints
• Treated with NSAID's

• Results from lack of blood supply to the hip joint, causing aseptic joint necrosis
• Occurs in children 2 to 12 years old
• Associated with low birth weight
• Both hips may be affected but usually only one is
• Symptoms include intermittent limp on the affected side, hip pain or soreness, and stiffness.
• Stage I - Interruption of circulation to hip joint, resulting in necrosis of femoral head - Last approx. 1-3 weeks up to 1 year
• Stage II - Depositing of new connective tissue because of new blood supply - 6 months to 1 year
• Stage IIIa - Granulation of new bone replaces connective tissue 1 - 2 years
• Stage IIIb - Regeneration and completion of bone growth; shape of joint fixed

• Faulty tooth positioning, which results in improper alignment of the jaws and teeth
• Can cause facial deformities and difficulty in eating and chewing.

• Correction of dental malocclusion
• Should begin after permanent teeth erupt,
• Between the ages of 8 and 12

• Less common in children than in adults
• Grow faster in children than in adults
• Cancer metastasizes by way of the circulatory system
• Ewing's sarcoma arises from the bone marrow, and affects the long and flat bones.
• More commonly seen in men between 10 and 20 years.

• Most significant Endocrine disorder in school age children
• Treatment includes insulin therapy, meal plans, and exercise.
• Children can learn to regulate insulin intake according to diet and activity

• Second most chronic illness in childhood and most common form of diabetes in children
• Insulin dependent

non insulin dependent

• Characterized by a slow progressive, bilateral retinal degeneration that often causes blindness.
• Night blindness is the first symptom
• As the disease progresses the visual field constricts, causing tunnel vision.

• Abnormally high intraoccular pressure
• May be caused by trauma, hemorrhage into the eye, tumor, inflammatory eye disease, or developmental abnormalities.

A chronic disorder, most common forms are Crohn's disease and chronic ulcerative colitis.

• Relatively common disorder in adolescents and young adults.
• Results in inflammation of the colon and rectum
• Most pronounced symptom is diarrhea, with weight loss, anorexia, and growth delays.
• Can cause a delay in development of secondary sex characteristics if disease appears before puberty.
• Treated with corticosteroids, or in extreme cases a colectomy.

• Acute infection of the vermiform appendix
• Abdominal pain begins in the periumbilical area and localizes in the right lower quadrant.

Delayed onset, discomfort, and altered patterns