-
civil rights
government-protected rights of individuals against race, sex, national origin, or sexual orientation
-
Dred Scott v. Sanford
ruled that slaves were not US citizens and couldn't bring suits in federal court
-
Thirteenth Amendment
banned all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude
-
Black codes
denied most legal rights to newly freed slaves (beginning Jim Crow laws)
-
Fourteenth Amendment
granted citizenship to all freed slaves
-
Civil Rights Act of 1866
invalidated Black Codes
-
equal protection clause
in the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibits states from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"
-
Fifteenth Amendment
guaranteed right of citizens to vote regardles of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
-
Civil Rights Cases
1883, states could prevent governmental discrimination but not private discrimination
-
Plessy v. Ferguson
upheld the separate but equal doctrine
-
Nineteenth Amendment
guaranteed all women the right to vote
-
Brown v. Board of Education
declared separate but equal doctrine unconsititutional
-
Civil Rights Act of 1964
- -prohibited discrimination in employment
- -created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
-
de jure discrimination
discrimination by law
-
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
equality of rights shall not be denied on account of sex
-
strict scrutiny
form of judicial review based used for race, national origin
-
Equal Pay Act of 1963
requires employers to pay women and men equal pay for equal work
-
affirmative action
policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to member of a previous disadvantaged group
-
University of California v. Bakke
ruled that race could be a factor in university admissions, but quotas were unconstitutional
-
Articles of Confederation
- -no judicial system
- -biggest weakness was no strong central gov.
-
separation of powers
specified tasks for different branches of gov.
-
Article I of Constitution
- -specified enumerated powers of Congress
- -necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) and basis for implied powers
- -legislative branch
-
Article II of Constitution
-executive branch laws
-
Article III of Constitution
-judicial branch
-
Articles IV - VII of Constitution
- -full faith and credit clause
- -supremacy clause
-
Federalists
-favored new strong central gov
-
Anti-Federalists
pro-strong state government
-
Federalist Papers
- -explained Framers' intentions as they drafted Constitution
- -too theoretical for practical use
-
First Amendment of Bill of Rights
- -freedom of religion
- -freedom of speech
- -freedom of press
- -freedom of religion & assembly
-
Ninth Amendment
enumerated rights are not inclusive
-
Tenth Amendment
powers not given to the national gov are reserved by the states/people
-
Marbury v. Madison
judicial review
-
enumerated powers
all powers specifically stated in Article I, Section 8 of Constitution
-
implied powers
powers derived from enumerated powers and necessary and proper clause
-
concurrent powers
pwers shared by national and state govs
-
bill of attander
law declaring an act illegal w/out a trial
-
full faith and credit clause
ensures that judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will apply in another
-
privileges and immunities clause
citizens of each state have same rights as citizens of other states
-
McCulloch v. Maryland
invoked necessary and proper clause, and allowed gov. to pass laws not expressly stated in Const.
-
civil liberties
personal guarantees and freedoms that government cannot abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation
-
libel
false written statement that defames the character of a person
-
-
Fourth Amendment
protects people from unreasonable search and seizures
-
Fifth Amendment
self-incrimination and double jeopardy
-
Sixth Amendment
right to counsel
-
Eighth Amendment
person accused of a crime has right to a speedy and public trial
|
|