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civil rights
government-protected rights of individuals against race, sex, national origin, or sexual orientation
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Dred Scott v. Sanford
ruled that slaves were not US citizens and couldn't bring suits in federal court
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Thirteenth Amendment
banned all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude
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Black codes
denied most legal rights to newly freed slaves (beginning Jim Crow laws)
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Fourteenth Amendment
granted citizenship to all freed slaves
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
invalidated Black Codes
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equal protection clause
in the Fourteenth Amendment, prohibits states from denying "any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"
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Fifteenth Amendment
guaranteed right of citizens to vote regardles of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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Civil Rights Cases
1883, states could prevent governmental discrimination but not private discrimination
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Plessy v. Ferguson
upheld the separate but equal doctrine
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Nineteenth Amendment
guaranteed all women the right to vote
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Brown v. Board of Education
declared separate but equal doctrine unconsititutional
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- -prohibited discrimination in employment
- -created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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de jure discrimination
discrimination by law
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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
equality of rights shall not be denied on account of sex
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strict scrutiny
form of judicial review based used for race, national origin
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Equal Pay Act of 1963
requires employers to pay women and men equal pay for equal work
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affirmative action
policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to member of a previous disadvantaged group
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University of California v. Bakke
ruled that race could be a factor in university admissions, but quotas were unconstitutional
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Articles of Confederation
- -no judicial system
- -biggest weakness was no strong central gov.
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separation of powers
specified tasks for different branches of gov.
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Article I of Constitution
- -specified enumerated powers of Congress
- -necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) and basis for implied powers
- -legislative branch
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Article II of Constitution
-executive branch laws
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Article III of Constitution
-judicial branch
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Articles IV - VII of Constitution
- -full faith and credit clause
- -supremacy clause
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Federalists
-favored new strong central gov
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Anti-Federalists
pro-strong state government
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Federalist Papers
- -explained Framers' intentions as they drafted Constitution
- -too theoretical for practical use
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First Amendment of Bill of Rights
- -freedom of religion
- -freedom of speech
- -freedom of press
- -freedom of religion & assembly
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Ninth Amendment
enumerated rights are not inclusive
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Tenth Amendment
powers not given to the national gov are reserved by the states/people
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Marbury v. Madison
judicial review
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enumerated powers
all powers specifically stated in Article I, Section 8 of Constitution
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implied powers
powers derived from enumerated powers and necessary and proper clause
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concurrent powers
pwers shared by national and state govs
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bill of attander
law declaring an act illegal w/out a trial
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full faith and credit clause
ensures that judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will apply in another
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privileges and immunities clause
citizens of each state have same rights as citizens of other states
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McCulloch v. Maryland
invoked necessary and proper clause, and allowed gov. to pass laws not expressly stated in Const.
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civil liberties
personal guarantees and freedoms that government cannot abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation
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libel
false written statement that defames the character of a person
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Fourth Amendment
protects people from unreasonable search and seizures
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Fifth Amendment
self-incrimination and double jeopardy
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Sixth Amendment
right to counsel
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Eighth Amendment
person accused of a crime has right to a speedy and public trial
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