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What is the difference between a social group and a social aggregate?
Social groups have a common identity, social aggregates are only related by current location
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What are the six characteristics of social groups?
- 1) permanence beyond meetings
- 2) way to identify members
- 3) recruit
- 4) goals/purposes
- 5) statuses or roles/norms and behaviors
- 6) controls members
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what are secondary groups?
- formally organized groups without much intimacy
- not a member's primary group
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What are the six functions of groups?
- 1) define boundaries
- 2) choose leaders
- 3) make decisions
- 4) set goals
- 5) assign tasks
- 6) control members
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What did George Simmel do?
proposed groups have characteristics that diminish as they grow larger
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What did Tönnies do?
examined the social changes in the transition from a rural society
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What were the two groups Tönnies described and their differences?
- gemeinschaft (community) - close knit
- gesellschaft (society) - impersonal & independant
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What is the collective conscience?
a system of fundamental beliefs and values
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What were Durkheim's two societies? How were they different?
- Mechanically integrated society - collective conscience is strong, great commitment
- Organically integrated society - social solidarity depends on cooperation of individuals
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What six things did Weber's ideal bureaucracy have?
- 1) clear division of labor
- 2) hierarchy
- 3) rules & regulations
- 4) impartiality
- 5) employment based on qualifications
- 6) distinct public/private spheres
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What did Michels believe?
All formal orginizations led to oligarchy
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What is oligarchy?
originally democratic organizations come to be dominated by a small self serving group
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What is a social institution?
ordered social relationships that grow out of values, norms, and roles
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What is social organization?
the pattern of relationships among individuals and groups
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How is deviance functional to a group?
- causes numbers to close ranks
- prompts groups to limit future deviant acts
- helps clarify what a group really believes in
- teaches norms by examples of what not to do
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What are the dysfunctions of deviant behavior?
- threat to social order
- causes confusion about norms/values
- undermines trust
- diverts valuable resources
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What are internal means of control?
When someone feels bad about their own deviant behavior
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What are external means of control?
When other people respond to deviant behavior
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What did Lombroso think?
thought criminals were examples of reverse evolution - neanderthals
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What did Hooten believe?
Believed crime was outgrowth of "organic inferiority"
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What did Mednick's theory of inherited criminal tendencies state?
certain individuals inherit the ability to control aggressiveness or antisocial behavior
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Whta was Freud's theory on deviance?
Psychoanalytic Theory: personality has three parts: id, superego, and ego
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What is the Behavioral Theory?
people adjust their behaviors in response to sanctions
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What was the Crime as Individual Choice Theory?
people decide to be deviant by weighing the rewards and consequences
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What was Durkheim's theory on deviance?
Anomie Theory: deviant behavior can only be understood in relation to the moral code it violates
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What is an anomie?
the condition of normlessness, where culture has no guidelines for behavior
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What was Merton's theory on deviance?
Strain Theory: society pushes deviance by encouraging success
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What are the four groups of people in the Strain Theory?
- innovators: accept success but reach it through deviance
- ritualists: reject success because they "can't" achieve it
- retreatists: step out of society and cease to pursue goals
- rebels: reject both goals and means to achieve
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What is the Control Theory?
deviance is caused by the absence of conformity
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What are Hirschi's four ways to be bonded by society?
- attachment
- commitment
- involvement
- belief in morals
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What is the Cultural Transmission Theory?
where you live impacts the likelihood of deviancy
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What is the Labeling Theory?
when someone is labeled a deviant they act on that label
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What are 3 factors that set motion to continued deviance?
- importance of violated norms
- social identity of individual
- context of behavior in question
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What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?
- Primary deviance: original behavior that leads to deviance
- Secondary deviance: behavior people develop after being labeled a deviant
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What is white collar crime?
acts of individuals who break the law while occupying positions of responsibility for personal gain
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What are the goals of imprisonment?
- separate criminals from society
- punish criminal behavior
- deter criminal behavior
- rehabilitate criminals
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What is the Functionalist Theory?
- major structure contribute to the maintenance of the social system
- stratification is necessary
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What was Marx's Conflict Theory?
stratification emerges from power struggles for scarce resources
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What is Weber's Conflict Theory?
conflict is necessary, people are motivated by self interest
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What are five points of the Modern Conflict Theory?
- 1) inequality is from one group dominating over another
- 2) those who are dominated have potential to resist
- 3) those in power are resistant to share advantages
- 4) "common views of society" only reflect those in power
- 5) those in power have a way to control the masses
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What are four consequences for the poor of stratification?
- lower life expectancy
- more likely to lose in court
- more likely to be deviant
- more likely to have mental illness
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What is assimilation?
groups with different cultures come together as a common culture
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What is pluralism?
development and coexistence of two different cultures
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What is subjugation?
subordination of separate group identities in the same society
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What is segregation?
the act of being set apart in subjugation
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What is expulsion?
forcing a group to leave the territory where it resides
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What is annihilation?
deliberate extermination of a racial or ethnic group
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What were Darley and Latane's research on?
diffusion of responsibility
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What was Milgram's research on?
obediance to authority
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What was Zimbardo's research on?
social structure of status and role
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What is negative deviance?
non conformity and negative reactions
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What is rate-busting?
over conformity and negative reactions
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What is deviance admiration?
non conformity and positive reactions
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What is positive deviance?
over conformity and positive reaction
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What is stigma management?
trying to control how people see you
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