Psych 250 Exam 2

The reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, exquisitely attuned way

Leads to insecure attachment, along with child temperamental vulnerabilities and parental arguments

Child uses the parent as a safe base to explore, when separated the child may not cry during absence, seek contact when the parent returns, decrease crying if present

Seem excessively detached. Rarely show separation anxiety or much emotion - positive or negative - when their primary attachment figure returns. They seem wooden, disengaged, without much feeling at all

Clingy, nervous, too frightened to explore. Terribly distressed by mother's departure, show contradictory emotions when she returns - clinging, then striking out in anger. Often inconsolable, unable to be comforted when attachment figure returns

Freeze, run around erratically, or even look frightened when the caregiver returns

• As a result of Ceausescu's ban of contraception, a flood of unwanted babies were given to the state to care for. There were three to four babies to a bed, no bathing facilities, and some children hadn't seen natural light in years. After the fall of the iron curtain, the globe sought to adopt these children, but noticed symptoms: 
• Sons and daughters who displayed a strange, indiscriminate friendliness and never showed interest in any specific adult - lack of any attachment whatsoever

A federal program offering high-quality day care at a center and other services to help preschoolers aged 3 to 5 from low-income families prepare for school

• Putting a child in daycare does not weaken the attachment bond
• Good daycare can lead to a benefit in academics through teen years
• However, children who spent long hours in "non-relative" care were more difficult to control by teachers - leads to an elevated risk of acting out in teens as well

A baby's checking back and monitoring a caregiver for cues as to how to behave while exploring; linked to clear-cut attachment

Ability of a child to look at what others are looking at

• inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity and self-regulation  
• Inhibited, shy: react negatively, withdraw from new stimuli 
• Uninhibited, sociable: react positively, approach new stimuli
• Affected by parenting style (nervous mother --> nervous baby)

• Humans have slow frontal lobe development - takes over 20 years to be fully developed
• Pruning doesn't begin until around age 9

Responsible for reasoning and planning out actions

Motor cortices are in the process of being pruned in toddlers, so they don't have finite motor skills yet

• Physical abilities that involve large muscle movements, such as running and jumping
• Boys develop this faster than girls

• Physical abilities that involve small, coordinated movements such as drawing and writing one's name
• Girls develop this faster than boys

• The understanding that the morphing of a substance does not change the overall amount (two glasses into one glass, smashing a ball of clay into a pancake)
• Develops in concrete operations period (ages 8-12)

Young children think they are the center of the universe, have an inability to understand that others may have a different point of view

• inhibition, planning and directing thinking
• the ability to manage cognitive resources, including attention and memory – to complete any given task

• The most common childhood learning disorder in the US, disproportionately affects boys, characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility at home and at school
• Treatment involves psycho-stimulant medications along with parent training

• An error in early language development in which children apply verbal labels too broadly
• Ex] calls every old man grandpa

• An error in early language development in which children apply verbal labels too narrowly
• Ex] tells another child he can't have a grandpa because grandpa is the name for his grandfather alone

• An error in early language development in which children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like irregular forms
• Ex] foots, runned

Children's first cognitive understanding which appears at about age 4, that other people have different beliefs and perspectives from their own

• Ages 2-7
• Believe inanimate objects are really alive, don't have conservation or reversibility

• Ages 8-12
• Have a realistic understanding of the world. Develop conservation and reversibility. Cannot think abstractly in a scientific way like an adult could

• Erikson's stage for children 3 to 6 years
• Primary task is initiative vs. guilt (actively taking on life's tasks instead of being told to do so - cleaning up after yourself before someone tells you to)

• Erikson's stage for children 6 years to puberty
• Primary task is industry vs. inferiority (managing emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work - realizing that you won't get a good job and live nicely unless you focus and work hard in school)

The tendency to feel good or bad about ourselves

The way children reflect on who they are as people

• Internalizing Problems:
• Learned Helplessness: the feeling that a child is powerless to affect his or her fate. He or she may give up at the starting gate, assuming "I'm going to fail, so why should I try?"
• Externalizing Problems:
• Blame others for personal failings

Sharing, helping, and caring actions

Prosocial behaviors that are carried out for selfless, non-egocentric reasons

• Boys run around; girls talk calmly
• Boys compete in groups; girls play collaboratively, one-to-one
• Boys live in a more exclusionary, separate world when it comes to play - Girls can stray into boy play far easier than boys can stray into girl play without being labled

How parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centeredness) and discipline (or structure and rules)

• The best possible child-rearing style in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules
• Ideal in middle-class, individualistic Western cultures

• A type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness, stressing unquestioning obedience
• More beneficial in societies where rule-following is strictly adhered to (Palestine, places where individuality and rebelliousness can lead to jail or death)

A type of child-rearing in which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little discipline

The worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love

Confront terrible conditions such as parental abuse, poverty, and the horrors of war and go on to construct successful, loving lives

• Spanking = corporal punishment = the use of physical force to discipline a child
• Many psychologists see spanking as never acceptable - it shows children that hitting someone smaller than you is OK, however some don't see serious detrimental effects in mild spanking
• Frequent spanking tends to promote the behavior that it is trying to cure
• Escalation can lead to child abuse - it's too dangerous of a slope to partake in

• IQ - measured on a score of 100 (being the average) 
• Iodine Deficiency Disorder mean IQ is 90 - lower, same for other developmental disorders

The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of a Verbal Scale (questions for the child to answer), a Performance Scale (materials for the child to manipulate), and a variety of subtests

The label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2% of his or her age group

A learning disability that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin

When there is a mismatch between IQ and learning it usually means there is a learning disability involved

The facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems - the type of intelligence that IQ tests screen for

The ability to think "outside the box" or to formulate problems in new ways

Common sense, or street smarts