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Toussaint L’Overture
Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republicof Haiti in 1804.
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Mask of Ferdinand:
Term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; they actually were Creole movements for independence.
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Miguel de Hidalgo:
Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.
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Augustín Iturbide:
Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821.
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Simon Bolívar:
Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia.
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Gran Colombia:
Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations.
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José de San Martín:
Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru.
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João VI:
Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire.
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Pedro I:
Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.
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José Rodríguez de Francia:
Ruler of independent Paraguay as dictator until 1840.
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Andrés Santa Cruz:
Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.
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Caudillos:
Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government.
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Centralists:
Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians.
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Federalists:
Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians.
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Monroe Doctrine:
United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act.
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Guano:
Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880.
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Positivism:
A philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.
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Antonio López de Santa Anna:
Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.
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Manifest Destiny:
Belief that the United States was destined torule from the Atlantic to the Pacific
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848):
Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory.
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Benito Juárez:
Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872.
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La Reforma:
Name of Juárez’s liberal revolution.
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Maximilian von Habsburg:
Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867.
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Gauchos:
Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region.
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Juan Manuel de Rosas:
Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.
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Argentine Republic:
Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as aresult of a compromise between centralists and federalists
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Domingo F. Sarmiento:
Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation.
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Fazendas:
Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.
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Modernization theory:
The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.
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Dependency theory:
The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.
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Porfirio Díaz:
One of Juárez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years.
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Cientificos:
Advisors to Díaz’s government who were influenced strongly by positivist ideas.
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Spanish American War:
Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean.
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Panama Canal:
The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus.
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Auguste Comte:
19th-century French philosopher; founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.
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Mexican-American War:
Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about one-half of Mexico’s national territory to the United States.
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