M.T. Chapter 10 - Anatomy and Physiology

place of union between two or more bones; also called a joint

three types of muscles

muscles whose action os under voluntary control; also called voluntary or striated muslces

this muscle is only found in the heart; it is unique for its branched interconnections, and makes up for most of the wall of the heart; shares similarities with both skeletal and smooth muscles - its striated (skeletal), but involuntary (smooth)

muscles whose actions are involuntary; also called involuntary or visceral muscles

connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap; localizes a great deal of force in a small area of bone

flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains and are one of the principal mechanical factors that hold bones close together in a synovial joint

4 principal bone types

examples of short bones

examples of irregular bones

examples of flat bones

examples of long bones

lubricating fluid in the joint capsules

joint (combining form)

abnormal condition of a humpback posture; upper portion of the spine

usually performed to relieve compression of the spinal cord or to remove a lesion or herniated disk; excision of the posterior arch of a vereabra (lamina)

abnormal condition of a swayback (curve) posture; inward curvature of lower portion of the spine

bone (combining form)

arm (combining form)

head (combining form)

neck, cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) (combining form)

ribs (combining form)

cranium (skull) (combining form)

femur (thigh bone) (combining form)

abnormal bending of the spine; lateral curvature of the spine to the right or left

humerus (upper arm bone) (combining form)

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone) (combining form)

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone) (combining form)

loins (lower back) (combining form)

pelvis (combining form)

pelvis bone (anterior part of the pelvic bone) (combining form)

vertebrae (backbone) (combining form)

vertebrae (backbone) (combining form)

sternum (breastbone) (combining form)

smooth muscle (visceral) (combining form)

muscle (combining form)

muscle (combining form)

rob-shaped (striated) (combining form)

rod-shaped (striated) muscle (combining form)

cartilage (combining form)

fiber, fibrous tissue (combining form)

synovial membrance, synovial fluid (combining form)

tendon (combining form)

weakness, debility (suffix)

binding, fixation (of bone or joint) (suffix)

to break; surgical fracture (suffix)

softening (suffix)

growth (suffix)

porous (suffix)

visual examination (suffix)

without, not (prefix)

bad; painful; difficult (prefix)

under, below (prefix)

above; excessive; superior (prefix)

union, together, joined (prefix)

usually caused by a disease process such as neoplasm or osteporosis

a common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, particularly in postmenopausal women and especially women older than age 60; decrease in bone mineral density and progressively becomes worse

three common deviations of the spine

malignancies that originate from bone, fat muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system

increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms; also called flare

degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

tearing of ligaments tissue that may be slight, moderate or complete

partial or complete dislocation

procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

reduction in which fracture bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper positions during surgery

procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material

bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture

partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, forearm; also called a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, uncluding anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

treat and prevent hypocalcemia

decrease pain and suppress inflammation

bone forming cells

includes muscles, bones, joints (articulations), and related structures such as tendons and connective tissue

functions of muscles

function of bones

dense, white fibrous membrane covering surface of bones

the human skeleton is divided into two parts

part of the skeleton that protects internal organs and provides central support for the body

part of the skeleton that enables body to move

3 major regions of the axial skeleton

5 regions of the vertebral column

4 regions of the appendicular skeleton

bone disorders that can be associated with primary malignant bone tumors

infection of the bone and bone marrow; 
acute - prognosis good with early treatment
chronic - prognosis poor

osteitis deformans;
chronic inflammation of bones resulting in thickening and softening of bones
most commonly affects long bones of legs, lower spine, pelvis and skull

inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and commonly changes in structure

types of arthritis

results in crippling deformities; cause by autoimmune reaction of joint tissue

most common type of connective tissue disease

caused by accumulation od urin acid crystals in blood

most common type of bone tumor; most often involves the vertebrae, pelvic bones and ribs

not very common; arises directly from bone or bone tissue; treatments include chemotherapy and radiation when tumor is radiosensitive; include sarcomas

most common type of sarcoma; approximately 35%; peaks in adults ages 20-30

develops from primitive nerve cells in bone and can affect bone and soft tissue; approx 16%; peaks in children 10-20 years

usually develops in cartilage

malignant disease of the plasma cells in the bone marrow

T4-T5

T12

C4

C4-C5

C6

T9-T10

L3-L4

L5