Geography Test 2

• sedimentary rock with some igneous and metamorphic
• very cold
• very dry
• tundra vegetation
• Economic activities are hunting
• fishing
• ecotourism
• minerals??????

• Flat
• flies and mosquitoes
• tourism
• polar bears
• sedimentary rocks
• port city
• swampy

• fishing and potatoes
• oil
• lumber and coal

• varies with elevations
• cool summers, mild winters

mixed forests

• manufacturing
• farming
• oil
• tourism
• salt

moderate ppt., summer is hot and humid, short and mild winters

deciduous trees, mostly gone

• flat to rolling hills (layers of sedimentary rocks)
• Industrial Heartland of Canada (90% of all manufactured goods come from this area)

Quebec, the Maritimes.

Southern Ontario, Southern Quebec

Northern Ontario, Northern Manitoba, NWT, Nunavut

Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba (the prairies)

British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon

• lumber
• pulp and paper
• mining metallic minerals
• tourism
• hydroelectric energy

coniferous trees, tundra

Long, cold winters.

• wheat farming
• cattle
• oil and gas
• potash

Natural grasslands, flat rolling hills, plains

Dry, cold winters and hot summers

tourism, logging, fishing, mining

• temperate rainforests.
• Coniferous trees on the west side of mountains

Heavy rain in the winter.

• Western Cordillera
• Interior Plains
• Canadian Shield
• Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands
• Appalachians

• 1. exporting diamonds is good for the economy, gets money, positive trade balance
• 2. Creation of jobs in remote areas for Northerners and Aboriginals (60% for Northerners, 40% for Aboriginals)
• 3. Process has very little environment damage. They don't use chemicals.
• 4. Non-conflict diamonds. They're not funding wars.

In kimberlite pipes, which occur in cratons.

They're hard, therefore perfect for a cutting tool.

Rarity and beauty.

• Mountains
• canyons
• escarpments
• hills
• plateaus
• plains
• lowlands
• valleys (U-shaped or V-shaped)

Lateral pressure holds the sides together, but when the pressure eases, there may be movement along the fault line. The movement may be horizontal or vertical.

• 1. lateral pressure causes the rock to buckles and fold, forming mountains (plate movement)
• 2. weathering and erosion first makes the mountain tops jagged
• 3. Eventually they smooth out and get rounded.

Appalachians, Himalayas, Rockies

Layers of sedimentary rock and igneous rock.

Anticlines

Synclines

less than 500m.

Thousands of years, or overnight in geological time.

Mexico

Millions of years

10%

Mauna Loa, 8km tall.

In Mars, 24km high.

There are extinct ones in BC

• Cinder Cone Volcano
• Shield Volcano

• Volcanic Mountains
• Fold Mountains
• Fault/Block Mountains

granite

fossils

limestone

magma

Erosion

igneous

lava

Sedimentary

Weathering

quartzite

marble

slate

From existing rocks from any family are subjected to great heat and/or pressure, like from plate movement or magma contact.

A changed rock.

Sedimentary.

sandstone

shale

limestone

Previously existing rocks from any family.

• Pressure presses the sediments together. This happens through overlying water, particles overlying each other and weight.
• Then you'd need a cementing agent to glue them together. For example, the calcium from dead sea animals.
• Then you'd need lots of time, as in, millions of years.

• When sediments or particles are carried and deposited elsewhere, like the bottom of an ancient sea.
• Agent of erosion:
• water
• wind
• glaciers
• gravity

• When rock is broken down into smaller particles. 
• Agents of weathering include:
• water
• snow
• ice
• glaciers
• wind (sand)
• rain
• plant roots
• freezing and thawing cycle

• 1. Weathering
• 2. Erosion
• 3. Pressure, cementing agent, and time.

• formed when lava cools on the earth's surface.
• cools quickly, so not a lot of minerals can be collected.
• small
• e.g. obsidian, punice (only rock that floats)

• Formed beneath earth's surface.
• Cool slowly, therefore crystals develop slowly. 
• Rocks are large.
• Many minerals.
• ex. granite ~ the most common igneous rock.

• Intrusive
• Extrusive

From cooled magma

• Firemade rocks
• The original rocks of earth's crust

• Mica ~ black
• Quartz ~ white/clear
• Feldspar ~ pink/red

• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic

• Landforms/relief (surface, elevation)
• Rock Types

• Pacific Plate
• North American Plate
• South American Plate
• Nazca Plate
• Antarctic Plate
• Eurasian Plate
• African Plate
• Indo-Australian Plate.

• Pacific ocean is getting smaller.
• Atlantic ocean is growing.
• Australia is moving northward.
• Mediterranean sea is shrinking.
• Northeast Africa is breaking off.

Like inverted soup bowls.

• Precambrian was the longest
• Cenozoic was the shortest.

• Ice sheets covered most of North America
• Continents take on present size
• Rocky Mountains formed.

age of mammals (human beings)

age of reptiles (dinosaurs)

• The interior of North America was covered by shallow seas. 
• Innuitian mountains formed.

• Periods when large parts of North America was covered by shallow seas.
• Appalachian mountains formed.

• age of fish
• amphibians
• coal forming in swamps

first single-celled and multi-celled organisms.

The formation of the Precambrian Shield, Canadian Shield and African Shield

• Precambrian
• Paleozoic
• Mesozoic
• Cenozoic

• Forces that wear down the earth's surface.
• e.g. wind, water, glaciers

• Forces that build up the earth's surface.
• e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes, folding, faulting

• Circular movement in gas or liquid created by uneven heating.
• ex: When the magma in the mantle of the earth heats up, it rise because it's less dense. After it cools down, it becomes denser and falls back down to the center of the mantle.
• They can either diverge or converge.
• If they diverge in continental crust, it would form valleys, like the African Rift Valley.
• If they diverge in oceanic crust, it would form ridges, like the mid-Atlantic Ridge.
• If they converge on continental crust, it would form fold mountains, like the Himalayas.
• If they converge on oceanic crust, it would form trenches, like Marianas Trench.

• A theory which states that the earth's outer shell consists of plates that move, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains and the formation of new crust.
• These plates are propelled by Convection Currents within the Mantle, which is a layer beneath the crust.
• Some plates consist of oceanic crust (young, approx. 200 million y/o and thin~6km), other's consist of continental crust (old, approx. 3.9 billion y/o and thick~60km)
• There are approximately 18 plates in the world. 
• 8 are major, 10 are minor.

• Pangaea was the supercontinent which included all of earth's land masses.
• It means "all land".

• Theory by Alfred Wegener
• States that about 300 million years ago, all of earth's land masses, which were in constant motion, collided to form on supercontinent called Pangaea.
• About 200 million years ago, Pangaea broke apart to their present locations. According to his theory, only continents drifted.
• This happened in 1913. He was right about the movement, but not about the mechanism.

• A scientist who studies earthquakes or similar disturbances and the effect they produce on earth's crust.
• It's a special branch of geology.