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How long should new or sick horses be isolated?
10 days
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What is first aid?
care given immediately to prevent the problem from getting worse and promote rapid return to normal
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How do you determine what is normal for your horse?
- take multiple measurements over a period of time
- establish a baseline
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What is TPR?
- temperature
- pulse
- respiration
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What can cause a change in body temperature?
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normal temperature:
99-101 F
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abnormal temperature:
below 99 F or above 102 F
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What could cause a change in pulse?
- exercise
- anxiety
- endocrine response
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normal resting pulse:
25-48 beats per minute
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abnormal resting pulse:
above 60 beats per minute
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foal pulse:
up to 60 beats per minute
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Where can you take the pulse?
- facial artery
- apex of barrel
- digital artery
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What can cause an increase in respiration?
systemic response to infection or injury
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normal resting respiration:
8-20 breaths per minute
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abnormal resting respiration:
above 30 breaths per minute
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Where can you measure respiration?
- flank area
- nostrils (not ideal)
- trachea with stethoscope
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What can cause a change in gum color?
- sickness
- dehydration
- loss of circulation (light)
- toxicity (dark)
- red/yellow: jaundice
- grey: shock
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What is the normal capillary refill time?
less than 2 seconds
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What does the skin hydration test measure?
amount of fluid in the body
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Why is skin hydration important?
can indicate colic or dehydration
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How to correctly wrap:
- start in the middle, move down and then back up
- wrap front to back
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Where can you give IM shots?
- injection triangle in the neck
- pectoral muscles
- thigh muscles (butt)
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Where is the injection triangle?
- in front of the shoulder
- above the cervical vertebrae
- below the crest of the neck
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What are the three classifications of horses?
- Home-body (stay on property)
- Traveler (competition horses)
- Mares/foals
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Vaccines are based on:
- geographical areas
- classification of horse
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What vaccines does the home-body need?
- Tetanus Typhoid
- Encephalomyelitis
- West Nile Virus Encephalitis
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What is Encephalomyelitis? Symptoms? Types?
- inflammation of brain tissue
- sluggish or still, muscle twitching, jerking
- Eastern, Western, Venezuelan
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What vaccines does the Traveler need?
- Tetanus Typhoid
- Encephalomyelitis
- West Nile Virus Encephalitis
- Equine Influenza
- Rhinopneumonitis (Rhino virus)
- Potomac Horse Fever (north)
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How can equine influenza vaccine be given?
- intra-muscular annually
- intra-nasal every 6 months
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What is the rhino virus?
- upper respiratory infection
- given annually
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What is Potomac Horse Fever?
- similar to salmonella
- causes rapid dehydration
- common in the northeast
- carried by mosquitoes
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What is Strangles? symptoms?
- infection in lymph nodes that can abcess out under the jaw
- runny nose, lethargic, highly contagious
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How is the strangles vaccine administered?
- given mostly to young horses (weanlings-2 years) and horses that are in frequent contact
- intra-muscular: 4 doses over 12 months
- intra-nasal: 6-9 months of age and booster 3 weeks later
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What vaccines do broodmares get?
- EHV-1 Rhino Virus Vaccine @ 5,7 and 9 months of gestation
- open mares get it prior to breeding
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What vaccines do foals get if the mare was not vaccinated?
- Tetanus, West Nile, Encephalymyelitis @ 3 months
- Influenza and Rhino @ 6 months
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What vaccines do foals get if the mare was vaccinated?
Tetanus, West Nile, Encephalomyelitis , Influenza and Rhino @ 5-6 months (series)
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What is coggins? symptoms?
- similar to HIV, doesn't go away
- no cure and no vaccine
- lethargic, anemic, prone to sickness
- can be carried by horse & deer flies
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What are the three main symptoms of parasite infestation?
- unthriftiness
- rough hair coat
- decreased appetite
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What are ascarids?
- can be picked up through water
- can migrate through intestinal wall to other organs
- adults lives inside the animal
- ex: roundworms and parascaris equorum
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What are strongyles?
- cause ulcers and colic-like symptoms
- can mature rapidly in 2 months or stay inside intestinal walls for up to 2 years
- hard to eradicate and can live in soil for long periods
- large: sit in small intestine
- small: sit in large intestine
- ex: bloodworms, large strongyles, small strongyles
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What are bots?
- cause lethargic, teeth grinding and tail rubbing
- take 8-10 months to develop
- cluster and attach to stomach and can cause ulcers as they pass through
- fly uses the horse to develop eggs
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What are tapeworms?
- can cause impactions and cause colic in older horses
- some horses don't show symptoms
- low frequency of infestation
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How often should horses be dewormed?
- adult horses: 2-6 times a year
- young horses: monthly
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When should horses be wormed?
- about 4 times a year
- March, May, September, December
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Why should types of wormers be rotated?
keep parasites from building immunity
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When is the most effective time to administer wormer?
- when they're resting
- before eating
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What are the 4 chemical classes of dewormers?
- Benzimidazoles
- Macrocyclic Lactones
- Pyrantels
- Organophosphates
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Pyrantels:
- target tapeworms with double/triple doses
- they attack the neurological functions and paralyze the worm
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Macrocyclic Lactones:
- invermectins
- treat bots
- attack neuro functions and paralyze worm
- ex:zimectrin
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Benzimidazoles:
- affect nutrient uptake
- starve the worm
- ex:safeguard
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Organophosphates:
target bots
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What external parasites affect horses?
- ticks
- lice
- mites
- mosquitos
- flies
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Where do tape worms originate from?
mites
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How can external parasites be controlled?
- sprays
- flies can be controlled with fans
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