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Spiracles
- outer opening of respiratory system
- can be closed and opened
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tracheoles
smaller branched trunks
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tracheole end cells
- provide new traceoles to meet unmet O2 demand
- re-generation
- at webbing
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tracheal air sacs
- provides extra O2
- Reduces specific gravity of insect
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Taenidia
- spiral support
- like a slinky
- made of exoskeleton
- have to change when molting
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main dorsal trunk
- provides O2 to circulatory system
- wings
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Main Lateral Trunk
O2 to Alimetary track
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How do insects exchange CO2 and O2
- Diffusion by general atmospheric pressure
- passive
- limits insects size
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Semi-aquatic modification to respitory
- only have two open spiracles in tail (instead of 2 + 8 pairs)
- Dragonfly larvae use rectum as propulsion and breathing
- gills in several places
- water repelling seate to get air space under elytron
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What is the difference btw closed and open systems
- Open: Spiracles open and close
- Closed: Spherical are non functioning
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Anatomy of Central Nervous system
- Brain (supraesophageal ganglion)
- -Protocerebrum (compound eyes and ocelli)
- -Deutocerebum (Antennae)
- -Tritocerebrum (Major sympathetic nerve system)
- Subesophageal ganglion (mouth parts)
- Ventral nerve cord (paired segmental ganglia)
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Peripheral nervous system
- Nerve: dendrite (receptor), axon (trunk), cell body
- sensory
- motor (moves things)
- association neurons (takes impulse and decides what to do)
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stomodeal or visceral nervous system
- associated with triocerebrum
- innervates sotomodaeum, salivary ducts, aorta, and certain mouth parts
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Setae
- trichogen cell-hair
- tormogen- cup
- sense cell
- taste, smell temperature and humidity, sound mechanical pressure
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General Reflex Arc
- 1. seta stimulated
- 2. Impulse moves into ganglion
- 3. association neuron determines which motor neurons to stimulate
- 4. motor neuron stimulates musles and action is taken
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Impulses
- only go in one direction
- ie legs don't talk to body
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- unipolar neuron
- send impulse away from body
- motor and association neuron
- called an efferent b/c it effects a response
-
- bipolar neuron
- dendrites recieve impulses
- send impuls into the body
- sensory and association neuron
- called afferent- affects/ influences something to happen
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- multipolar neuron
- lots of dendrites
- sends impulses into body
- affects something to happen
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- panoistic
- most primative
- all eggs
- no nurse cells
- nutrients from hymolymph
-
- poly trophic
- more nurse cells
- surround egg
- dump their nutirents into eggs
- atrophy
-
- nurse cells don't migrate
- tube that gives oocyete nutrients
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female accessory glands
- secrete chorion or egg shell
- provide adhesive to put eggs on substrate
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male accessory glands
- activate spermatoza
- produce spermatophor
- stimulate contraction of genitals
- stimulate female to oviposit
- forms plug in female to prevent other males
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paedogenesis
- immatures give rise to other immatures
- builds up population faster
- flys
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polyembryony
- 1 egg splits over and over again
- saves energy
- wasp in Caterpillar
-
vivparity
- female gives rise to the living young
- aphids
-
oviviparty
- egg hatch inside mothers body
- protects eggs
- cockroach
-
parthenogenesis and alternation of generations
- virgin birth- males not needed
- aphids- when hidden in gulls
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sperm transfer
- serpmatophore:
- sperm on a stick
- female sits on it
- spring tail and moths
- Ejaculation directly into spermatheca:
- male smaller
- end to end or on top
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Hypodermic impregnation
- traumatic insemination
- male stabs female in the side
- bed bug
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Separate copulatory and egg-laying pores
- some types have eggs out of both
- some eggs out one and mate in other
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factors responsible for distribution and abundance of insects
- Endogenous factors:
- Circadian rhythm
- Exogenous factors:
- light
- temperature
- nutreients
- people
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light
- crepuscular- dawn and dusk
- matinal- early morning
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temperature
- poikilothermic
- cold blooded
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Optimal temperature ranges
- upper limit goes into aestivation diapaluse
- lower limit goes into hibernation diapaluse
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How do insects regulate temperature
- moths and bees move wings
- dark body color
- dense coat of seate
- cluster
- rest on dark surface
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Cold Hardiness
- can die if temp drops a little (don't know why)
- Die when body freezes
- Can live when body freezs
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To prevent from freezing
- supercooling- anitfreeze (glycerol, sorbitol, treunalose)
- tissue tolerance
- empty gut (no place for crystles to form)
- overwinter as pulpa
- select dry conditions
- waxy epicuticle prevent exoskeleton from freezing
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Impacts of global warming
2.7 km moving toward poles / year
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Niche
- organisms job in the enviroment
- only one occupant/niche
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