According to Resorla-Wagner model, excitatory conditioning occurs when the __________ is greater than the __________.
actual US, expected US
According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, extinction is a case where the _____________ is greater than the __________, so ___________ conditioning occurs.
expected US, actual US, inhibitory
Comparator theories state that a CS will produce a conditioned response if it is a better predictor of the US than the ____________.
contextual stimuli
If two different tastes are paired, and then one is associated with illness, an animal may show an aversion to the other taste as well. This is an example of a ___________ association.
CS-CS
If a tone elicits a fear response when it is preceded by a light, but not otherwise, the light cab be called ______________.
an occasion setter
Although the evidence is not very strong, there are some indications that people may be predisposed to develop phobias to such stimuli as ____________.
spiders or snakes
Morphine produces decreased sensitivity to pain, and a CS associated with morphine produces ___________.
increased sensitivity to pain
For both rabbits and humans, a brain area important for eyeblink conditioning is the _________________.
cerebellum
Which of the following is a mathematical model for classical conditioning? (New theory for classical conditioning)
A. Conditioned Operant Theory
B. Rescorla-Wagner Model
C. Kamin’s Blocking Theory
D. The Behavior Specification Model
Rescorla-Wagner Model
Which of the following theories emphasize that we are constantly bombarded with numerous stimuli and we must selectively process some of this information while ignoring other stimuli?
(Cognitive theory in psychology)
A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning
C. The Contiguity Principle
D. Mackintosh’s Theory of Attention
Mackintosh’s Theory of Attention
When prior conditioning with a given stimulus somehow blocks the later conditioning with another stimulus, this is referred to as: (Demonstrates that conditioning is not automatic when a CS and US are paired)
The Blocking Effect
The decrease in effectiveness of a drug with repeated use is called: (Must increase drug to be effective)
Tolerance
An excitatory CS tends to elicit a CR, while an inhibitory CS tends to prevent the occurrence of a CR. (Ways a CS can affect an individual's behavior)
True
When a CR is the opposite of the UR, it is sometimes called a _____ CR.
Compensatory
Comparator theories assume that both the CS and ____ stimuli have acquired equal excitatory strengths.
Contextual
One of the URs produced by morphine is _____, or a decreased sensitivity to pain.
Analgesia
The ____, a part of the brain that is important for many skilled movements plays a critical role in eyeblink conditioning.
Cerebellum
The Rescorla-Wagner model is a mathematical expression of the concept of _____.
Surprise
Kamin’s (1968) Blocking experiment played an important role in
the Rescorla-Wagner model of classical conditioning
The Rescorla-Wagner model applied
mathematics to account for conditioning phenomena such as acquisitions, extinction’s, blocking, and conditioned inhibition
There are different associations that can form in
a single case of classical conditioning
The comparator theories of classical conditioning
do not make predictions on a trail-by-trail basis and they assume that both the CS and contextual stimuli have acquired equal excitatory strength
There are differences between
a typical conditioned stimulus and an occasion setter
Associations in second-order conditioning display
both S-S and S-R associations unlike the findings from first-order conditioning
Taste aversion learning has been used to
test the general principles of association
Researchers have examined preparedness in human conditioning as a function of
developed fears or phobias
Drug tolerance is due, in part, to the
acquisition of a compensatory CRs that tends to counteract the effects of the drug itself
Kamin’s (1968) experiment
The Blocking Effect:
that there's little or no conditioning to a stimulus if its presented along w/ a previously conditioned stimulus on conditioning trials
Classical conditioning
Prior conditioning with stimulus L “blocked” the later conditioning of stimulus T.
Blocking
Findings and conclusions:
This experiment demonstrates that conditioning is not an automatic result when a CS and US are paired.
Blocking
Importance:
This mathematical model predicts the
The Rescorla-Wagner Model:
outcome of classical conditioning trial-by- trail
The outcome can either be
excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning or no conditioning
Strengthen of subjects expectation of what will occur
The Rescorla-Wagner Model
Strengthen of unconditioned stimulus
The Rescorla-Wagner Model
If the strength of the actual US is _______ than the strength of the subject’s expectation, the result will be
Six Rules of the Rescorla-Wagner Model:
greater, excitatory conditioning
If the strength of the actual US is ______ than the strength of the subject’s expectation, the result will be _______
Six Rules of the Rescorla-Wagner Model:
less, inhibitory conditioning
If the strength of the actual US is ______ to the strength of the subject’s expectation, there will be _________
Six Rules of the Rescorla-Wagner Model:
equal, no conditioning
The larger the discrepancy between the strength of the _______ and the strength of the _________, the greater the ______
Six Rules of the Rescorla-Wagner Model:
expectation, US, conditioning
More noticeable ______ will condition faster than less noticeable ______ CSs
Six Rules of the Rescorla-Wagner Model:
CSs, CSs
If two or more CSs are presented together, the subject’s expectation will be _____
Six Rules of the Rescorla-Wagner Model:
equal to their total strength
The actual US is greater than the expected US, thus excitatory conditioning
Rescorla-Wagner Model Applications:
Acquisition
This occurs because there is no learning on a conditioning trail if the expected US is equal to the actual US
Rescorla-Wagner Model Applications:
Blocking
The expected US is greater than the actual US, thus inhibitory conditioning occurs
Rescorla-Wagner Model Applications:
Extinction
This occurs because the amount of conditioning depends on the salience of a stimulus
Rescorla-Wagner Model Applications:
Overshadowing
When 2 separately conditioned stimuli are presented, the expected US is greater than the actual US, inhibitory conditioning occurs
Rescorla-Wagner Model Applications:
Overexpectation Effect
Finding that classical conditioning proceeds more slowly if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented by itself before it is paired w/ the US
CS Preexposure Effect
An individual is continually bombarded by numerous stimuli in many sensory modalities, but a person's ability to process this information is fairly limited. As a result, the individual must selectively process some of this information at the expense of ignoring the remainder
