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Social settings associated with Agbekor drumming performance
- War, hunting, funeral
- Today used in cultural presentation
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Which people practice Agbekor?
Where do they come from?
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3 major characteristics of African musical performance
- 1. Expression via multimedia (singing, dancing, drumming)
- 2. Centrality of rhythm and polyrhythm
- 3. Participatory nature (everyone participates, no division b/w performers & viewers
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3 instruments in Agbekor performance
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3 motivations of the Ghanaian postal workers for singing a stamp cancelling song
- 1. Pragmatic: Lift spirits while working in receptive work
- 2. Social: Create cooperative, collective spirit
- 3. Aesthetic: Create rhythmically & melodically organised sound
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Major parts of 'Mbira'
- Wooden board
- Attached metal keys
- In performance: placed within large gourd resonator to increase sound
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Literary meaning of 'mbira dzavadzimu'
'Mbira of the ancestors'
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Describe the traditional social structure, economy and environment of the BaAka and BaMbuti people
- Small, close-knit groups of friends and family
- Hunter-gatherers
- In dense forests of tropical central Africa
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Performance context of the song 'Makala'?
Net-hunting
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Major stylistic components of 'Makala' performance
- 1. Variation/improv. of short tunes
- 2. Polyphonic texture
- 3. Yodelling technique
- 4. Triple rhythmic division
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3 language families in Europe
- Indo-European: Celtic, Romano-Italic, Slavic, Finno-Ugric
- Non-Indo-European:Basque (north Spain)
- Independent: Greek, Albanian
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European countries part of the Ottoman Empire
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Meaning of 'Folk Song' in European thought
- Modern construct
- Introduced by German philosopher in 18th century
- Perceived as 'pure national' peasant culture
- Opposed to 'corrupt' hybrid urban musical styles (gypsy)
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Most prominent musical/cultural components in Spanish music?
- Moorish-Arabic/Muslim influence from North Africa
- Indigenous European (gypsy)
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General musical characteristics in Flamenco
- Blends:
- Highly melismatic, chromatic, high-range vocal style (Moorish)
- Harmony, chord progressions on guitar (Indigenous European)
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Guitar-playing techniques in Flamenco
- Tremolos
- Guitar slapping
- Arpeggios
- Percussive accent
- Strummed flourishes
- Solo melodic phrases
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Name of singer in Flamenco
canataora
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Most common meter and key mode in Flamenco
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Major harmonic aesthetic of Bulgarian polyphony
Narrow pitch range (singing in close intervals, major and minor seconds)
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Region of Bulgaria polyphonic singing found
- South-West
- 'Shop' area near Sofia
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What does 'Celtic' refer to?
Bronze age civilisations that expanded their territorial hold throughout Europe and early Christianity
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Where to Celtic languages survive today?
- Ireland
- Scotland
- Brittany
- Walles
- Cornwall
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What is 'airs' and 'lilt'
- A: Conventional label for vocal melodies in Ireland
- L: Singing of instrumental dance tunes and non-lexicall syllables
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How does a 'jig' differ from a 'slide'
- J: 6/8, dance
- S: 12/8, faster
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When was the fiddle introduced to Ireland?What's it's cultural significance?
- When Britain invaded Ireland and confiscated Irish peoples' lands
- Expressive musical storage of memory, history and Irish identity struggle against British colonisation
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When did Roma people come to Europe?
What is their origin?
Language?
- 11th century
- North-west India
- Romani, descended from Sanskrit, related to Hindi
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Characteristic wedding instruments in Roma music
- Clarinet
- Synthesiser
- Saxophone
- Drum set
- Viola
- Violin
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Most outstanding Roma clarinet players in Bulgaria
Ivo Papazov
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4 reasons why Bulgaria discriminated against Rom music/musicians
- 1. Hybrid/syncretic nature of Rom music seen as opposed to 'purity' of folk music
- 2. Seen as inferior to traditional European folk music
- 3. Rom musicians' income was out of control of state
- 4. Rom wedding bands emphasised individual musicianship as opposed to state-controlled choirs and ensembles
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Describe raga/rag in general & specific terms
- G: Colour and emotion produced by combination of pitches
- S: Musical construct which lies b/w abstract scale and tune of specific musical composition
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Scale of 'rag bairagi'?
- Pentatonic-Sa Re Ma Pa Ni
- Western: A Bb D E G
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Difference between 'sitar' and 'tambura'
- S: Fretted, melodic solo instruments
- T: Not fretted, provides 'drone'
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Formal composition of rag
- 3 parts:
- Alap: Slow, meter-free, musicians explore subtleties of the rag
- Jor: Rhymthic pulse, non-recurring meter
- Gat: Meter and tala present
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What is tala?
Metric cycle in Indian classical music
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Major percussive instrument in North Indian classical music?
Tabla: Paired drum set, (2-L & R)
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3 differences b/w Georgian men's & women's performance of polyphonic songs
- 1. Mens: More improvisation; Womens: Stick to strict traditionally learnt styles
- 2. Mens: Contrastive polyphony; Womens: Parallel, homophonic polyphony
- 3. Mens: Crossing of parts; Womens: Stay within each parts' selective range
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Major differences b/w fusion and syncretism
- F: Borrows from different cultures and mixes them together
- -Easily identifiable
- S: More amalgamation b/w different cultural musical sources to produce a new, leading style
- -Elements less tangible
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Textures of Thai music
Heterophony
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2 possible contexts in which Indigenous Australian ceremonial music might be performed
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Describe how 'bilma' carry the narrative in songs from Arnhem land
- Rhythmic patterns of clapsticks match narrative of songs
- Narrative passed down many generations
- e.g. rhythmic mode for walking clapsticks matches walking in the narrative
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3 of the 5 principles in 'Ngurru-Kurlu'
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2 influences in Torres Strait music
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