In eyeblink conditioning, a tone could be used as the __________, and an air puff as the _________; an eyeblink is the _________.
conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned and unconditional response
A problem with Pavlov’s stimulus substitution theory is that the __________ does not always resemble the ___________.
conditioned response, unconditioned response
Resorla’s (1973) experiment supported the theory of S-S associations because after responding to the US (loud noise) was reduced through habituation, responding to the CS ___________.
Decreased
Three phenomena that show that extinction is not the complete elimination of a learned association are __________, _____________, and _____________.
After classical conditioning with one CS, the appearance of conditioned responses to the new but similar stimuli is called _________.
generalization
When the CS and US are separated by some time interval, this is called _____________.
trace conditioning
In an evaluative conditioning procedure in which pictures of people are paired with either positive or negative adjectives, the adjectives are ________ and the pictures of people are ___________.
First-order CSs, Second-ordered CSs
If a rat drinks sweetened water and then receives a drug that suppresses the immune system, giving sweetened water at a later time can ___________.
suppress the immune system
When the effectiveness of aversive counterconditioning for alcoholism weakens over time, this could be an example of the conditioning principle of ____________.
extinction
In the classical conditioning treatment for bedwetting, the unconditioned stimulus is ___________.
an alarm that wakes up the child
Another name for classical conditioning is:
(The name that Pavlov used for his theory)
Stimulus substitution theory
Conditioned responses that are the opposite of the UR have been called:
(Used to demonstrate that stimulus substitution theory is inadequate )
Conditioned compensatory response
The transfer of the effects of conditioning to similar stimuli is called:
(The opposite of discrimination)
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of the conditioned response after an extinction phase.
(Proof that CS-US association is not permanently destroyed during extinction)
True
In second-order conditioning, a CR is transferred from one CS to another.
(Another procedure in which the CS can acquire the ability to elicit a CR.)
True
One element of systematic desensitization involves training the patient in _________ or deep muscle relaxation.
(Technique developed by Wolpe (1958))
Progressive relaxation
The goal of ________ is to develop an aversive CR to stimuli associated with the undesirable behavior.
(Often used to treat alcoholism)
Aversive counterconditioning
The simultaneous presentation of two or more CSs, such as a buzzer and the light, is called a ________.
(Type of conditioned inhibition)
Compound CS
Eyeblink conditioning in humans has been used to map brain areas involved in learning.
True
Any stimulus that does not initially evoke the UR (e.g., Bell)
conditioned stimulus
The CR is transferred from one CS to another
second-ordered conditioned
When the presentation of a distracting stimulus disrupts the inhibition that develops during extinction
disinhibition
A technique that relies on modern computer technology to treat phobic behaviors
virtual reality therapy
When subjects first experiences a series of CS-US pairings, during which the CR gradually appears and increases in strength
acquisition phase
Classical conditioning was based upon
an unexpected result that Pavlov noticed in the dogs who had previously experienced the testing procedures
Classical conditioning involves
the repeated pairing of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)
Stimulus Substitution Theory postulates
that the CS should produce the same response as the US produced originally
The basic principles of classical conditioning are
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, disinhibition, generalization and discrimination
There are 5 types of classical conditioning based upon
the temporal relationships between the CS and US
In second-order conditioning,
the CR is transferred from one CS to another
Researchers have found that the immune system
can be altered through classical conditioning and this finding may benefit people who suffer from immune disorder
There are many everyday examples of classical conditioning such as
taste aversion and emotional responses
A number of behavioral therapies
e.g., systematic desensitization and virtual reality therapy) apply classical conditioning principles to treat emotional disorders (e.g., phobias)
US + CS =
UR
The US is puff of air directed at the eye; UR is the eyeblink; CS may be tone, light, or tactile stimulus
Eyeblink Conditioning:
he will be blink when he hears the tone
CS
US is an aversive event; UR may be to flinch or jump in animals; Learning is measured via the suppression of ongoing behavior when CS is present.
Conditioned Suppression:
Diminish pressing the lever =
CS
The conductivity of the skin is altered by emotions; Increases in conductivity can be conditioned to any CS paired with a shock.
Skin Conductance Response:
_____ tone, ____ increased conductivity
CS, UR
_____shock, ____ increased skin in tone
US, CR
often develops after 1 conditioning trial
Taste–aversion
Only 1 time needed, it should occur more often
Taste–aversion
The _____is something an individual eats or drinks; The ______ is something which makes an individual ill (e.g., poison).
CS, US
____ leads to ______ of food which makes one ill
Association, avoidance
The CR is almost never an exact replica of the UR.
Problems with Pavlov’s Substitution Theory
Not all parts of the UR to a stimulus becomes part of the CR.
Problems with Pavlov’s Substitution Theory
A CR may include some responses that are not part of the UR.
Problems with Pavlov’s Substitution Theory
The direction of the CR, in some cases, is opposite that of the UR.
Problems with Pavlov’s Substitution Theory:
Strongest argument against this theory
Condition compensating responses – responses against the UR
Problems with Pavlov’s Substitution Theory
***He never actually ran any experiment***
S-R & S-S Associations
The connection between he stimulus and the response
S-R association:
The connection between the CS centers and the US center, which active the response center
S-S association:
Account for learning
Rescorla’s (1973) experiment
Findings:
S-S position supported, but not S-R position
The period in the learning process when an individual is learning a new behavior.
Acquisition Phase:
series of CS/US pairings
Acquisition Phase:
Presenting the CS without the US which leads to the eventual disappearance of the CR.
Extinction:
The reappearance of a response that has undergone extinction after a passage of time without further conditioning trials.
Spontaneous Recovery:
The reappearance of a CR to a stimulus that has undergone extinction that can occur if a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the extinguished stimulus.
Disinhibition:
A conditioned stimulus that prevents the occurrence of a conditioned response
Conditioned Inhibition:
Pair 2 CS together = compound CS
Conditioned Inhibition:
The transfer of a learned response from one stimulus to another, similar stimulus.
Generalization:
Learning to respond to one stimulus but not to another, similar stimulus.
Discrimination:
Doesn't produce good relationships b/w CS & US
Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning:
Simultaneous Conditioning
o Memory required
o Only works if it can be remembered
Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning:
Trace Conditioning
o Best of all to develop an association
o More effective
Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning:
Short-Delay Conditioning
They habituate for a period of time
Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning:
Long-Delay Conditioning
o Least affective
o Doesn't work like Ebbinghaus
Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning:
Backward Conditioning
Importance of Timing in Classical Conditioning
1) Simultaneous Conditioning
2) Trace Conditioning
3) Short-Delay Conditioning
4) Long-Delay Conditioning
5) Backward Conditioning
A conditioned response is transferred from one stimulus to another by pairing a neutral stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus.
Second Order Conditioning:
Example of second order conditioning-
Evaluative Conditioning
They take on the same qualities
Second Order Conditioning:
Systematic Desensitization for Phobias
Applications in Behavior Therapy
Virtual Reality Therapy
Applications in Behavior Therapy
Aversive Counterconditioning for alcoholism
Applications in Behavior Therapy
Fear hierarchy
Applications in Behavior Therapy
o Construct fear
o Relaxation technique
o Gradual presentation
