RAD-141 Ch.3 ABDOMEN MIDTERM

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what is another name for KUB

flat plate
why do we do ap abdomens

in order to visualize the kidneys better since they are towards the back of our body, the back is the side closest to the IR
what are the two long muscles atttach to the lumbar vertebrae and down the the greater trochanters

psoas muscle
what position do we use if the patient cannot stand for an abdomen

left lateral decub
what is the SID for an erect and supine abdomen

40''
where do we position the CR in a supine and erect abdomen
- supine = center directly above the iliac crests
- erect abdomen = 2'' above the iliac crests
what is the purpose for ordering an erect abdomen xray

to view free air under the diaphragm
what are the 6 organs of digestion
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- large intest
- small intest
what are the accessory organs to the digestive system
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- liver
what organ is part of the lymphatic system located in the abdominal cavity

spleen
how long is the small intestine

23 feet
what is the longest and shortest sections of the small intestine
- longest is the ileum
- shortest is the duodenum
what does the gallbladder do

stores and concentrates bile
what is bile

substance produced by the liver and gallbladder that emulsifies fat
how are we able to see ureters radiographically

the patient must drink contrast and the kidneys filter it out, since the contrast has a high atomic number it gets absorbed by the xray and appears white on the xray
what is the peritoneum

a large serous double walled membrane
what is the parietal peritoneum
what is the visceral peritoneum
- it is the peritoneum adhering to the cavity wall
- it is the peritoneum covering an organ
what is the peritoneal cavity

the space between the parietal cavity and visceral peritoneum
what is the mesentary

double fold of peritoneum extending anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall completely enveloping a loop of small bowel
what is the omentum

a specific double fold of peritoneum extending from the stomach to another organ
what is the lesser omentum
greater omentum?

extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

connects and extends from the greater curvature over the colon
what is the mesocolon

it is the peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall
what are the 9 abdominal regions
- right hypochondria
- epigastric
- left hypochondriac
- rt lateral lumbar
- umbilical
- lt lateral lumbar
- rt inguinal (iliac) region
- pubic (hypogastric)
- lt inguinal (iliac)
what is the cause of pain arising from the side of the stomach

kidney stones
what patients do we shield when doing a abdomen xray

males
what are the breathing and clothing instructions prior to an abdomen examination

take in a deep breath blow it out and hold it on expiration (this allows diaphragm to move up and allow more space of other anatomy)

all clothing removed except the underpants
for a basic KUB what should the kvp never exceed

80 kvp
list the whole basic procedure for a KUB general
- 14x17 lengthwise cassette
- 40'' SID
- 70-80 kVp
- pt is supine w/mid sagittal plane centered to the table
- no rotation
- CR perpendicular to center of IR
- CR directed at the level of the iliac crests
- exposure on expiration
- may require two 17x14 for a fat person
what are the presence of dark bubbles located under the diaphragm

gas
what position should you do if a patient comes to the department ambulatory or in a wheelchair

do AP erect first
list the steps for a PA or prone abdomen xray
- everything is the same as the AP except:
- CR is located at the level of the iliac crest
- arms up above head
why are PA radiographs ordered

for intestines not kidneys
what are the 7 topographical landmarks
- xiphoid process
- intercostal margin
- iliac crest
- ASIS
- greater trochanter (double check alignemnt to pubis symphysis)
- ischial tuberosity
why do we do left lateral decubs

b/c the patient cannot stand and to see intraperitoneal air over the over shadow of the liver
list all the general requirements for lat decubs
- 14x17 length wise
- 70-80 kvp
- 40'' sid
- arms up beside head and knees flexed
- ensure true lateral
- cr perp. to center of ir
- cr 2 in above level of iliac crests
- exposure on expiration
- lef t lat best visualizes intraperitoneal air in the area of the liver and way from the gastric bubble
on a left lateral decub patient should be on a side of a minimum of how many minutes prior to exposure (what is preferred)
and what is the reason
- 5mins (10-20 minutes preferred)
- this will allow air to rise or abnormal fluids to accumulate
what positions require the CR to be 2'' above the iliac crest and which positions are at level of iliac crest
- erect and pa
- ap (supine) and pa (prone)
where is CR for dorsal decub abdomen exam

2in above iliac crest
list the general steps for a lateral position (for babies and adults )
- 14x17 length wise
- 80-85 kvp
- 40'' sidearms up beside head and knees flexed
- ensure true lateral (rt or lt recumbent)
- cr perp. to center of ir
- cr 2 in above level of iliac crests
- exposure on expiration
what is another name for an acute abdominal series

obstructive or obstruction series
if we cannot do an erect pa abdomen what do we do

perform a left lateral decub
what are all the positions of the acute abdominal series
- ap supine
- erect or lateral decub (left)
- erect pa chest (depending on department protocol)
what are the basic abdomen routine
and special (optional) positions
ap supine (routine)
- Special:
- pa prone
- lateral decub L
- ap erect
- dorsal decub
- Lateral
what are the intraperitoneal organs

liver gallbladder spleen stomach jejunum ileum cecum transverse and sig colon
elongation (hip farther away) of lelft iliac and narrowing (rotation closer to tube) is what positioning error for a KUB

the patient is in a slight lpo so that would make the left iliac farther away and rt iliac closer to the tube
what must you see on an erect abdomen radiograph

must see diaphragm with presence of the lungs in black if not the patient was supine not erect
what pathology is demonstrated with a dorsal decubitus
- aneurisms
- umbilical hernias
- calcification of aorta or other vessels
what pathology is demonstrated in a lateral abdomen with beam coming down straight while patient is in lateral position
- abnormal soft tissue masses
- umbilical hernia
- prevertebral region for possible aneurysms of aorta or calcifications
elongation of an iliac wing indicates roation whhere

in that direction
acute abdominal series is used for what clinical indications
- ileus
- ascites
- perforated hollow viscus
- intraabdominal mass
- post op
apple core sign pathology is what?

carcinoma
chrons disease:
- inflammatory bowel disease
- chrons diseas involving the tterminal ileum
intussusception

a telescoping of bowel into another loop creating an obstruction (most common is distal small bowel of children)
volvulus:

twisting of a loop of intestine creating an obstruction
ileus

bowel obstruction
a radiograph of an ap abdomen reveals that the left iliac wing is more narrowed than the right. What specific positioning error caused this

the patient was in a slight rpo causing the left iliac wing to look more narrowed than the right

Author

anatomy12

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RAD-141 Ch.3 ABDOMEN MIDTERM

Description

xray

Updated

2013-12-14T19:03:16Z

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