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anatomy12
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What are the four functions of the skeletal system?
- support and protect the body
- provides movement in relation with the muscles
- stores calcium
- produces blood cells
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what is the axial skeleton?
How many and what bones consist of the axial skeleton?
- all bones lying near or on the central axis of the body
- 80 bones in the axial skeleton bones of the skeleton include:sternum, ribs, vertebrae column, sacrum and coccyx
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How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton and what are they?
126 bones in appendicular skeleton these include all bones of the limbs (upper and lower) and the shoulder blades, pelvic girdle and clavicles
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What are sesamoid bones?
special type oval bones located in tendons near joints
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What are the largest sesamoid bones of the body?
the patella
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What are the four categories of all 206 bones?
short flat long irregular
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are sesamoid bones considered part of the normal axial or appendicular skeleton
no
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What does a long bone consist of?
consists of a body and an upper and lower extremities (ends of the bone)
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Where are short bones only found?
wrists and ankle
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List examples of flat bones
Skullcap (calvaria), ribs, sternum and scapulae
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List examples of irregular bones
bones of the face, bones of the floor of the skull and the vertebrae and bones of the pelvis
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What is intramembranous ossification?what is ossification?
when bone replaces membraneprocess of forming bone
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What is endochondral ossification?
when bone replaces cartilage
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What is the primary center of ossification?
the diaphysis of a bone
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what are the secondary centers of ossification
the epiphysis of the long bones
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What cartilaginous plates are found between the diaphysis and epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete?
epiphyseal plates
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What are the 3 structures of joints?
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
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what are the three functional properties of joints?
- amphiarthroses (slightly moveable or limited movement)
- diarthroses (freely moveabele)
- synarthroses (immoveable)
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what does it mean when a joint is a synovial joint?
it means the joint is there is synovial fluid in the joint capsule
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What does fibrous and catilaginous joints lack?
joint cavity
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Cartilaginous joints allow what two types of functional movements?
synarthrodial and amphiarthrodial movements held by cartilage
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List examples of cartilaginous joints
fibrocartilage between the vertebral disks and pubic symphysis
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Name an example of synchondroses joint and its level of movement
epiphyseal plates which are synarthrodial
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What are the 7 types of synovial joint movement?
- plane (gliding)
- Ginglymus (hinge)
- trochoid (pivot)
- Spheroidal (ball and socket)
- Ellipsoid (condylar)
- Bicondylar
- sellar (saddle)
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What synovial joint has the least amount of movement?
plane (gliding joints) of the hand and wrist
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What type of movement is permitted in the ginglymus joints?
List examples
- flexion and extension movements like in the elbow joint
- knee joint elbow joint ankle joint IP joints of the fingers
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list examples of plane or gliding joint
- atlantoaxial joints like when moving the head left and right
- intermetacarpals
- and CMC joint of the wrist
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what movement does a trochoid joint allow(definition)
allows rotational movement around a single axis
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list some examples of trochoid joints
- proximal and distal radioulnar joints
- and c1 and c2
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what is the movement permitted in an ellipsoid joint (definition)
movement that primarily occurs in one plane combined with a slight degree of rotation at an axis of right angles to the primary plane of movement
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What movements are permitted with ellipsoid joints of the fingers?
flex extend ab and adduct and circumduct
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give 2 examples of the ellipsoid joint
MCP joints of fingers 2-5 and metatarsalphalangeal joints of toes
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what joint has the ends of the bone shaped like a concave convex and are positioned opposite to each other
sellar
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Where is the only sellar (saddle) joint found in the body?
in the thumb and it is the carpometacarpal joint
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what synovial joint allows the greatest freedom of motion
spheroidal (ball and socket)
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define bycondylar joints
list examples
- joints with movement in a single direction
- knee and tmj
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what is a radiograph
an image of a patients anatomic parts produced by the action of xrays on an image receptor
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define radiography
process and procedures of producing a radiograph
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define the difference between the xray film and a radiograph
- xray film is a physical piece of material on which a nonprocessed image is stored
- radiograph includes the image produce by an IR
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define the IR
device that captures the radiographic image that exits the patient
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define CR
centermost portion of the xray beam that has the least divergence
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list all the general steps to a radiographic examination or procedure
- position body part and align the CR
- select appropriate radiation protection
- select tech factors
- give patient instructions relating to respiration or initiation of exposure
- process IR
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what is another meaning for axial
transverse(cross-sections)
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what is a section
is a cut or slice image of a body part in MRI, Sonography or CT
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what is the sagittal plane
any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts
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what is the midsagittal plane?
is a longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
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coronal plane:
longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
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horizontal (axial) plane
any transverse plane that passes through the body dividing into superior and inferior halves
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what is the oblique plane
is a longitudinal or transverse plane that passes through the body at an angle or slant
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what is the dorsum manus
back of the hand
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what is ap/pa projection
- where the CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior side
- Pa: CR enters the posterior side and exits ventral side
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what is a Ap oblique projection
ap projection of the upper or lower limb that is rotated
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what is pa oblique projection
pa projection of the upper limb with lateral rotation
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What is a lateral projection mediolateral and lateromedial projection?
- A lateral projection is describe by the path of the CR
- Examples: mediolateral projection CR enters medial side of the body exits lateral side of body like in the ankle lateromedial projection CR enters lateral side and exits medial side of body like in the wrist
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what projection is this 
ap oblique projection - medial rotation
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projection? 
pa oblique projection - lateral rotation
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projection? 
mediolateral projection
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projection? 
lateromedial projection
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what is recumbent
laying down in any position
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what is dorsal recumbent
supine position
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ventral recumbent?
lying on your abdomen prone
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lateral recumbent
lying on your side right or left
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what is trendelenberg position
position where the head is lower than the feet reclining
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fowlers position?
head above the feet
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sims position?
what is it used for?
- position with patient lying on the left anterior side with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down and behind the back.
- barium enemas
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What is the lithotomy position?
a recumbent position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
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What specific position is this? 
erect LPO
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recumbent L lateral position
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what is the decubitus position
means to lied down on a horizontal surface designated to the surface on which the body is resting
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what is the R or L lateral decubitus Ap or PA projection
it is when the patient is lying on the R or L side in which the CR projection enters the front first (which is left lateral decubitus) or if the CR enters the back first (which R lateral decubitus)
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How is the ray positioned when taking a decubitius x-ray
horizontally
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- dorsal decubitus (L Lateral)
- It is named because of the position which is dorsal and by the side closest to the IR
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ventral decubitus (R lateral)
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left lateral decubitus ap projection
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right lateral decubitus (pa projection)
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What is the axial projection?
any angle of the CRÂ 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body part (like CR hitting the skull from the top and in the center)
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what is a tangential projection
- a projection that merely skims a body part to project that part into profile away from other body structures
- tangential - touching only a curve or surface at only one point
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What is inferosuperior and superoinferior axial projections
what are they used for?
- CR enters below or inferiorlyand exits superiorly and vice-versa
- they are mainly used for shoulder and hip
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axial (superoinferior) projection
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ap axial (semiaxial) projection (CR 37 degrees caudal)
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inferosuperior axial projection
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what is the specific projection for chest to view the apices of the lungs?
AP axial lordotic chest projection 
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what is the transthoracic lateral projection
a lateral projection through the thorax
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what projections are used for the top and bottom of the foot?
DP (dorsoplantar for a CR entering the top of foot and exiting the bottom) and PD (plantodorsal CR enters the bottom of foot and exits through dorsal side of foot)
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transthoracic lateral shoulder projection (left lateral shoulder position)
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What is the special projection used for the calcaneus?
axial plantodorsal projection
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what is cephalad and caudad
- cephalad toward the head
- caudad away from the head end of the body
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what is scoliosis
excessive longitudinal spinal curves from side to side
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What is valgus and varus stress? (pertaining to feet)
- valgus stress is eversion away from the midline
- varus stress is inversion towards the midline
- pertaining to feet
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rotation vs tilt
rotation is to turn or rotate a body part on it axis (ex moving head towards the left)
- tilt is a slanting or tilting movement with respect to the long axis
- Ex. Moving head up while laying down parallel to table
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what are the four positioning principles
- anatomy demonstrated
- position -
- exposure - optimal tech factors
- image markers - r or l indicated
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a minimum of what two types of markers should be placed on every radiographic image
patient id and anatomical side marker
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what are the two general rules for determining positioning routines
- all diagnostic radiograhpic images require a minimum of 2 projections (except portable chest, and kub and ap pelvis
- all radiographs involving joints require 3 projections
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what is the difference between a basic projection and special projection
basic projections are routines that can be done with patients that can cooperate fully
special projections are used to show better specific anatomical parts or certain pathologic conditions if the patient cannot cooperate fully
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