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Plant Morphology: What functions in absorption of water and minerals?
Root system
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Transports water and minerals through the xylem to the stem.
root system
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The root system transports products of photosynthesis through the ______ from the stem to the parts of the root system
phloem
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The root system _______ the plant in the soil.
anchors
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A large vertical root, possibly with smaller lateral roots.
taproot
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root that is characteristic of eudicots
taproot
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a mat of threadlike roots
fibrous root
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characteristic root of monocots
fibrous root
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cellular extensions of epidermal cells of the root
root hairs
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purpose of root hairs is...
greatly increase absorptive surface area of root
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roots that grow in an unusual location. e.g. prop roots of mangroves
adventitious roots
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aerial roots that provide support to tall plants
prop roots
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roots that store starch, sugar and/or water
storage roots
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roots that wrap around a host tree
strangling aerial roots
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roots that provide support
buttress roots
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This system transports water and minerals through the xylem to the leaves and other organs
shoot system
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this system transports products of photosynthesis through the phloem from the leaves to all other parts of the plant
the shoot system
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The shoot system provides ________ ________ for standing upright in the air.
structural support
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Made up of:
- stem
- nodes and internodes (modular structure)
- axillary buds and terminal buds
- leaves (petioles, blade)
- flower (reproductive shoot)
- vegetative shoot vs. floral (reproductive shoot)
the shoot system
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What's a stolon?
horizontal stems that grow on the surface of the ground
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rhizomes
horizontal stems that grow beneath the ground
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tubers
swollen ends of rhizomes
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bulbs
vertical underground shoots consisting mainly of leaves
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the principle photosynthetic organs of the plant
leaves
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True/false:
true leaves do not possess vascular tissue.
false
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Leaf morphology:
arrangement of leaves on stem:
a.
b.
c.
opposite, alternate and whorled
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simple vs. compound leaves
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tendrils
string-like leaves that provide support by clinging to things
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spines
provide protection from herbivores
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storage leaves
thick leaves that store materials (e.g. water)
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petal-like leaves
attract potential pollinators to flowers
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reproductive leaves
allow for asexual propagation of new plants
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cotyledon
embryonic "seed leaf"
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number of cotyledons in monocots
one
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number of cotyledons in eudicots
two
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Endosperm present in mature seed
monocots
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endosperm usually absorbed into cotyledons
eudicots
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parallel leaf veins
monocots
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netlike leaf veins
eudicots
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stem vascular tissue dispersed as xylem-phloem bundles through the stem
monocots
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stem vascular tissue arranged in concentric rings
eudicots
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root cross section contains central pith inside ring of vascular tissues
monocots
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root cross section contains no central pith; xylem often forms a star-like shape in the center
eudicots
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flower parts arranged in threes or multiples of three
monocots
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flower parts arranged in fours or fives or multiples thereof
eudicots
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secondary growth is usually seen in some ______ but not in ________.
dicots, monocots
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protoplast
cell contents exclusive of the cell wall
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contains the cell sap, surrounded by the tonoplast
large central vacuole
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plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic connections through the cell walls of adjacent cells
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________ cell wall grows as the cell grows.
primary
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________ cell wall added only after cell growth ceases.
secondary
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cements the cell walls of adjacent cells together
middle lamella
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_____ tissue system forms the epidermis which may secrete a waxy cuticle
dermal tissue system
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contributes to the periderm of woody plants
dermal tissue system
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dermal tissue system arises from the...
protoderm
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_______ tissues system makes up the bulk of the plant (includes pith and cortex)
ground tissues system
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ground tissues system is composed predominantly of _________, but may also include _________ and __________.
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
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ground tissues system arises from the...
ground meristem
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_____ ______ _____ is represented by xylem and phloem.
vascular tissue system
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vascular tissue system functions in...
transport and support
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vascular tissue system arises from the...
procambium
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least specialized cell type.
parenchyma
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parenchyma cell wall structure
only thin primary cell wall is present
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which cell type possess a large central vacuole?
parenchyma
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parenchyma cells are generally _______ at maturity.
alive
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cell type that makes up most of the ground tissues of the plant.
parenchyma
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_______ cell type functions in storage.
parenchyma
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this cell type functions in photosynthesis
parenchyma
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can help repair and replace damaged organs by proliferation and specialization into other cells
parenchyma
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possess thicker primary cell walls than that of parenchyma
collenchyma
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no secondary cell wall present
chollenchyma
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no lignin in this cell type
collenchyma
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collenchyma cells are generally _________ at functional maturity.
alive
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this cell type provides support without restraining growth
collenchyma
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this cell type has secondary cell walls strengthened by lignin
sclerenchyma
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this cell type has rigid cells providing support and strength to tissues
sclerenchyma
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these cells are often dead at functional maturity
sclerenchyma
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sclerenchyma cells have two forms:
fibers and sclereids
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sclerenchyma fibers:
- - long and threadlike
- - often used in making rope or cloth
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sclerenchyma sclereids:
- - short and irregular in shape
- - impart hardness to seed coats and nutshells
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tracheids
- - tapered elongated cells
- - connect to each other through pits
- - secondary cell walls strengthened with lignin
- - dead at functional maturity
- - forms part of xylem
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tracheids function in: (2)
- - trasnport of water plus dissolved minerals
- - provide support
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vessel elements: (5)
- - shorter and wider than tracheids
- - thinner cell walls than tracheids
- - aligned end-to-end, forming long micropipes
- - dead at functional matruity
- - form the xylem vessels of the xylem
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sieve-tube members: (6)
- a. living cells arranged end-to-end to form food-conducting cells of the phloem
- b. lack lignin in their cell walls
- c. mature cells lack nuclei and other cellular organelles
- d. cytoplasm of adjacent cells connected through sieve plates
- e. alive at functional maturity
- f. supported by companion cells
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cork cells (3)
- a. box-like cells that are dead at functional maturity
- b. cell walls with suberin
- c. protect outer surface of the plant as the outermost layer of the bark
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indeterminant growth
growth continues throughout organism’s life
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determinant growth
growth ceases after reaching a certain size
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annuals:
plant life cycle completed in one year
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biennials:
plant life cycle completed in two years
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perennials:
plant lives many years
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perpetually embryonic tissues
meristems
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meristems (4)
- - mitotically active: generate new cells
- - cells are undifferentiated
- - meristematic cells remaining at the source called "initials"
- - meristematic cells that become displaced called "derivatives"
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types of primary meristems (3)
- a. protoderm (forms dermal tissue system)
- b. procambium (forms vascular tissue system)
- c. ground meristem (forms ground tissue system)
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apical meristems (2)
- 1) found at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots
- 2) contribute to primary growth (growth in length)
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lateral meristems
- 1) cylinders of meristematic cells found in the stems and roots
- 2) contribute to secondary growth (thickening of stems and roots)
- 3) examples
- a. vascular cambium: adds secondary xylem and phloem (see below)
- b. cork cambium: adds secondary dermal tissue (see below)
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Root System primary growth
- a. root cap protects the tip of the root
- b. zone of cell division
- 1) mitosis occurs in the apical meristem
- 2) apical meristem forms three primary meristems as vertical columns (see above)
- c. zone of elongation
- d. zone of maturation
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stele
root central vascular cylinder composed of xylem and phloem
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stele outermost layer
= pericycle, which may become meristematic and produce lateral roots
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a central core of parenchyma cells called ______ in roots is found in ________
a pith, in monocots (but not dicots)
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stele is formed from...
the procambium
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root cortex (4)
- 1) outer ring of ground tissue
- 2) composed mainly of parenchyma cells
- 3) innermost layer = endodermis
- 4) formed from the ground meristem
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innermost layer of root cortex = endodermis (3)
- a) a cylinder of cells forming a barrier between cortex and stele
- b) connected into a ring by the Casparian strip (Fig. 36.10, p. 773)
- c) controls passage of materials between cortex and stele
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root epidermis (4)
- 1) a single layer of cells covering the root
- 2) absorbs water and minerals
- 3) individual cells of the epidermis may possess root hairs
- 4) formed from the protoderm
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Roots
1) X-shaped xylem in stele
2) phloem lies between "spokes" of xylem
eudicots
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xylem and phloem arranged in a circle around the pith in roots
monocots
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composed of both xylem and phloem as well as supporting tissues
vascular bundles
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fasicular cambium lies between _____ and _____ in vascular bundles of eudicots
xylem and phloem
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vascular bundles distributed throughout the ground tissue of the stem
monocots
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vascular bundles form a ring around a central pith in stem
eudicots
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ground tissue is arranged in a ______ and _____ in dicot stems.
cortex, pith
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what connects the cortex and pith between vascular bundles in dicot stems? What lies within this?
ray of ground tissue, where interfasicular cambium also lies.
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ground tissue is not arranged as a distinct pith and cortex in _______ stems
monocot
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Secondary Growth of Dicot Stems:
what proliferates?
fasicular cambium between primary xylem and phloem proliferates
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secondary xylem forms _______ to fasicular cambium in secondary growth of dicot stem
medially
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secondary phloem forms ______ to this cambium in secondary growth of dicot stem
laterally
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The cytoplasmic continuum connecting neighboring cells is called the _____.
symplast
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The continuum of cell walls connecting neighboring cells is defined as the _____.
apoplast
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Cells that are specialized for the transport of sugar between apoplast and symplast are _____ cells.
companion
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