ch 10

the global evaluative dimension of the self. ___ ____ is also referred to as self worth or self image

domain specific evaluations of the self

self esteem reflects perceptions that do no always match ____

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

deliberate efforts to manage ones behavior, emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased social competence and achievement

interest in how things are made and how they work.

when children are encouraged in their efforts to make, build and work, whether building a model airplane, constructing a tree house, fixing a bicycle, solving an addition problem or cooking. all of this increases a child's sense of ____

consider a child who is slightly below average in intelligence, but are too bright to be in special classes. they often fail in their academic classes. this is an example of

the lowest level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development. the individuals moral reasoning in controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment

stage 1 of kohlbergs stages:
moral thinking is ties to punishment

stage 2 of kohlbergs stages:
individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same. what is right involves an equal exchange

stage 3 of kohlbergs stages:
individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements

individuals apply certain standards but they are the standards set by others such as parents or the government

stage 4 of kohlbergs stages:
moral judgements are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.

stage 5 of kohlbergs stages:
individuals reason that values, rights, and principles transcend the law. a person evaluates the validity of actual laws, and social systems can be examined in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values

stage 6 of kohlbergs stages:
the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. when faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons that conscience should be followed, even though the decision might bring risk

the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code

Kohlberg argued that advances in childrens _____ development did not ensure development of ___ _____

_____ emphasized that peer interaction an perspective talking are critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges to change their moral reasoning

____ stressed that in principle, encounters with any peers can produce _____-taking opportunities that may advance a childs moral reasoning

Johlbergs theory is criticized for placing too much emphasis on ____ _____

parent child relationships usually provide children with ____ opportunity for give and take or perspective taking. these opportunities are more likely to provided by _____

an important aspect of childrens emotional lives is learning how to ____ with _____

as children get older they more accurately appraise a ____ situation and determine how much _____ they have over it.

broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males

by the time children enter elementary school, they have considerable knowledge about which activities are linked to being ___ or ____-

____ stereotypes were more prevalent on the part of girls while

_____ and trait stereotyping is more commonly engaged in ___

woman have ___x as much body fat as men

on average, males grow to be ____% taller then women

_____ are less likely then ____ to develop physical or _____ disorders

men are at __x the risk of coronary disease then females are

an area in the _____ lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in ____

girls and women have slightly better ____ skills then boys and men

in all cultures, boys tend to be more ____

____ aggression is more pronounced in ____

girls show more relational _____ than boys

the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

receive an average number of both positive and negative nomination from their peers

are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

infrequently nominated as somone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

frequently nominated both as someones best friend as as being disliked

the best predictor of whether rejected children would engage in delinquent behavior or drop out of school later during adolescence as _____ towards peers in elementary school

being belittled about looks or speech was the most frequent type of ____

children who said they were bullied reported more ____ and _____ in making friends

those who do bullying are more likely to have ___ grades and to ____ and _____ alcohol

___-___% of victims and their bullies are in the same classroom

a learner centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

a structured teacher centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative effects to the minimum