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the global evaluative dimension of the self. ___ ____ is also referred to as self worth or self image
self esteem
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domain specific evaluations of the self
self concept
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self esteem reflects perceptions that do no always match ____
reality
-
the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
self-efficacy
-
deliberate efforts to manage ones behavior, emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased social competence and achievement
self regulation
-
interest in how things are made and how they work.
industry
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when children are encouraged in their efforts to make, build and work, whether building a model airplane, constructing a tree house, fixing a bicycle, solving an addition problem or cooking. all of this increases a child's sense of ____
industry
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consider a child who is slightly below average in intelligence, but are too bright to be in special classes. they often fail in their academic classes. this is an example of
inferiority
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the lowest level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development. the individuals moral reasoning in controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment
preconventional reasoning
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stage 1 of kohlbergs stages:
moral thinking is ties to punishment
heteronomous morality
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stage 2 of kohlbergs stages:
individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same. what is right involves an equal exchange
individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
-
stage 3 of kohlbergs stages:
individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements
mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
-
individuals apply certain standards but they are the standards set by others such as parents or the government
conventional reasoning
-
stage 4 of kohlbergs stages:
moral judgements are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty.
social systems morality
-
stage 5 of kohlbergs stages:
individuals reason that values, rights, and principles transcend the law. a person evaluates the validity of actual laws, and social systems can be examined in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values
social contract
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stage 6 of kohlbergs stages:
the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. when faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons that conscience should be followed, even though the decision might bring risk
universal ethical principles
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the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code
postconventional reasoning
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Kohlberg argued that advances in childrens _____ development did not ensure development of ___ _____
cognitive; moral reasoning
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_____ emphasized that peer interaction an perspective talking are critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges to change their moral reasoning
Kohlberg
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____ stressed that in principle, encounters with any peers can produce _____-taking opportunities that may advance a childs moral reasoning
Kohlberg; perspective taking
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Johlbergs theory is criticized for placing too much emphasis on ____ _____
moral development. cheaters and thieves may know what is right but still do what is wrong
-
parent child relationships usually provide children with ____ opportunity for give and take or perspective taking. these opportunities are more likely to provided by _____
little; peers
-
an important aspect of childrens emotional lives is learning how to ____ with _____
cope with stress
-
as children get older they more accurately appraise a ____ situation and determine how much _____ they have over it.
stressful; control
-
broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
gender stereotypes
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by the time children enter elementary school, they have considerable knowledge about which activities are linked to being ___ or ____-
male or female
-
____ stereotypes were more prevalent on the part of girls while
appearance
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_____ and trait stereotyping is more commonly engaged in ___
boys
-
woman have ___x as much body fat as men
2
-
on average, males grow to be ____% taller then women
10
-
_____ are less likely then ____ to develop physical or _____ disorders
females; males; mental
-
men are at __x the risk of coronary disease then females are
2
-
an area in the _____ lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in ____
parietal; males
-
girls and women have slightly better ____ skills then boys and men
verbal
-
in all cultures, boys tend to be more ____
aggressive
-
____ aggression is more pronounced in ____
verbal; girls
-
girls show more relational _____ than boys
aggression
-
the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual
androgyny
-
frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
popular children
-
receive an average number of both positive and negative nomination from their peers
average children
-
are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
neglected kids
-
infrequently nominated as somone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
rejected children
-
frequently nominated both as someones best friend as as being disliked
controversial children
-
the best predictor of whether rejected children would engage in delinquent behavior or drop out of school later during adolescence as _____ towards peers in elementary school
aggression
-
being belittled about looks or speech was the most frequent type of ____
bullying
-
children who said they were bullied reported more ____ and _____ in making friends
loneliness and difficulty
-
those who do bullying are more likely to have ___ grades and to ____ and _____ alcohol
low; smoke and drink
-
___-___% of victims and their bullies are in the same classroom
70-80
-
a learner centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
constructivist approach
-
a structured teacher centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative effects to the minimum
direct instruction approach
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