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Respiratory system is responsible for
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Lungs and airways bring in
- fresh oxygen which provides oxygen to body cells
- eliminate waste product carbon dioxide
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4 Upper respiratory tract
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
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5 lower respiratory tract
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- lungs
- alveoli
- breathing muscles
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nasal cavity
chamber lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs (cilia)
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air is filtered, heated and moistened to prepare for journey to lungs
nasal cavity
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nasal cavity is divided into right and left side by verticle partition of cartilidge called
nasal septum
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receptors for the sense of smell
olfactory neurons
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pharynx
a muscular tube that serves as passageway for food and air
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3 sections of pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
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air passes from the nasal cavity to the
pharynx
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nasopharynx
posterior to the nose and contains adenoids
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oropharynx
posterior to the mouth and contain the tonsils
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laryngopharynx
superior to larynx
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adenoids
lymphnode tissue
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tonsils (palatine tonsils)
protect opening to respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry
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larynx
contains structure that make vocal sounds possible
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epiglottis
seals off air passage to the lungs during swallowing
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trachea
composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shape rings of cartilage
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trachea provides
rigidity to keep the air passage open
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trachea divides into two branches called
bronchi
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trachea branches lead to
right and left lung
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inner walls of bronchi are composed of
mucous membranes embedded with cilia
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moves entrapped material upward through pharynx where its expelled by coughing, sneezing or swallowing
cilia
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each bronchus divides into smaller and smaller branches called
bronchioles
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alveoli
tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole
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pulmonary capillaries
lie next to tiny tissue membranes of the alveoli
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lungs are divided into
lobes
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right lung is divided into
3 lobes
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left lung is divided into
2 lobes
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mediastinum
space between the right and left lung
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4 items mediastinum contains
- heart
- aorta
- esophagus
- bronchi
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serious membrane that covers lobes of lungs and folds over the walls of the thoracic cavity
pleura
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visceral pleura
membrane lying closest to lung
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parietal pleura
membranes lining the thoracic cavity
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pleural cavity
space between the 2 membranes, contains small amount of lubrication
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large muscular portion that lies between chest and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
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respiration overall process
is taking oxygen from air and carry to cells for their use, while CO2 and water are returned to environment
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4 separate processes of respiration
- pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
- external respiration
- transport of respiratory gases
- internal respiration
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pulmonary ventilation
- involuntary action
- moves air into and out of lungs
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external respiration
exchange of oxygen and CO2 between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
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transport of respiratory gasses
transports CO2 to lungs and oxygen to body cells
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internal respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and blood
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common signs of respiratory disorders
- cough
- chest pain
- altered breathing patterns
- shortness of breath
- cyanosis
- fever
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- difficult to breath
- usually exhibits a chronic cough
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asthma
produces spasms in bronchial passages (broncospasm)
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broncospasms
may be sudden and violent and lead to dyspnea
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chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi
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emphysema
- decreased elasticity of alveoli
- alveoli expands but doesn't contract
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influenza
acute infectious respiratory viral disease
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3 major types of influenza
type A,B,C
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type A
world wide epidemics (pandemic), highly infectious
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type B
limited be geographical, less severe
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type C
mild flu not associated with epidemics
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pleura effusions
abnormal fluid in pleura cavity
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tuberculosis (TB)
- disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
- spread by sneezing, coughing, etc
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tuberculosis can live and is infectious for
6-8months outside the body
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pneumonia
inflammatory disease of lungs
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4 types of pneumonia
- aspiration
- lobar
- broncho
- pneomocytis
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aspiration
inhalation of food or liquids
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lobar
affect only one lobe
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broncho
more diffuse than lobar
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pneomocytis
closely related to aids
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cystic fibrosis
hereditary disorder of exocrine glands that cause body to secrete thick mucous
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acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Lungs no longer function effectively
- alveoli fills with fluid, causing them to collapse
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infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
- common in premature infants and diabetic mothers
- alveoli collapse making O2 exchange impossible
- lungs no longer function effectively
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