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Pathology:
the study of disease
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Etiology:
the study of the cause of disease
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Pathogenesis:
the development of disease
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Infection:
colonization of the body by pathogens
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Disease:
abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
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Transient microbiota:
may be present for days, weeks or months
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Symbiosis:
relationship between normal microbiota and the host
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Commensalism:
one organism benefits, other is unaffected
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Mutualism:
Both organisms benefit
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Parasitism:
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
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Microbial antagonism:
competition between microbes
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Normal microbiota:
- protect the host by occupying niches that pathogens might occupy, producing
- acids, producing bacteriocin
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Communicable disease:
A disease that is spread from one host to another
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Contagious disease:
A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
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Noncommunicable disease:
A disease that not transmitted from one host to another
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Incidence
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
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Prevalence:
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
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Sporadic disease:
disease that occurs occasionally in a population
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Endemic disease:
disease constantly present in a population
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Epidemic disease:
disease acquire by many hosts in a given area in a short time
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Pandemic disease:
world-wide epidemic
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Acute disease:
symptoms develops rapidly
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Chronic disease:
disease develops slowly
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Subacute disease:
symptoms between acute and chronic
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Latent disease:
disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive
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Local infection:
pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
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Systemic infection:
an infection throughout the body
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Focal infection:
systemic infection that begins as a local infection
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Sepsis:
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria ortheir toxins, from a focus of infection
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Bacteremia:
Bacteria in the blood
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Septicemia:
growth of bacteria in the blood
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Toxemia:
Toxins in the blood
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Viremia:
Viruses in the blood
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Primary Infection:
acute infection that causes the initial illness
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Secondary infection: Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
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Subclinical disease:
No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
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Nosocomial Infection:
Hospital acquired infection
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List Koch’s Postulates
- 1) The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
- 2) The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
- 3) The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
- 4) The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original pathogen
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Be able to discuss and make conclusions about the source, exposure of an outbreak (i.e. like the example of the case study discussed in class)
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List aspects of the innate immune system and describe how they protects against pathogens:
• Intact Skin:
physical barrier, low pH
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List aspects of the innate immune system and describe how they protects against pathogens:
• Mucous membranes:
trap microbes, transported away via cilia
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List aspects of the innate immune system and describe how they protects against pathogens:
• Normal Microbiota:
competitive antagonism ** be sure you are able to describe what this meansand also be aware that normal microbiota can become opportunistic pathogens under certainconditions
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List aspects of the innate immune system and describe how they protects against pathogens:
• Phagocytes:
Ingest microbes or particles that are foreign to the body
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List aspects of the innate immune system and describe how they protects against pathogens:
• Inflammation:
microbe is introduced to tissue, followed by vasodilatation and increasedpermeability of blood vessels. Chemicals (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes andcytokines) are released
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List aspects of the innate immune system and describe how they protects against pathogens:
• Fever:
Abnormally high temperature; endotoxin causes phagocytes to release interleukin-1-signals hypothalamus to reset body temperature to a higher temperature.
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List aspects of the innate immune system and describe how they protects against pathogens:
• Complement System:
Cascade of signaling molecules that induce anti-microbial action.
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Describe different kinds of white blood cells (leukocytes) involved in the innate immune response:
• Neutrophils:
highly phagocytic, motile cells that are involved in the initial stage of infection
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Describe different kinds of white blood cells (leukocytes) involved in the innate immune response:
• Basophils:
Release histamines (involved in allergic reactions)
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Describe different kinds of white blood cells (leukocytes) involved in the innate immune response:
• Eosinophils:
Phagocytic cells that can leave the blood. Important in producing toxic proteinsagainst large (multi-cellular) pathogens.
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Describe different kinds of white blood cells (leukocytes) involved in the innate immune response:
• Monocytes:
Mature into macrophages (phagocytic cells). Dispose of worn out red blood cells.
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List the major parts of the lymphatic systems:
- • Lymph nodes: Site of T and B cell activation (adapative immunity). Also contain reticular fibersthat trap microbes and concentrate macrophages and Dendritic cells.
- • Tonsils and Peyer’s Patches: Large aggregations of lymph nodes.
- • Spleen: contains lymphocytes and macrophages
- • Thymus: site of T cell maturation
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Describe the major steps of the complement system:
- 1) C3 is activated and splits into C3a and C3b
- 2) C3b results in opsonization (be sure you are able to define this term and others listed in thecomplement system) and splits C5 into C5a and C5b
- 3) C3a combines with C5a to activate mast cells which release histamine resulting in inflammationand C5a attracts macrophages
- 4) C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9 work together to form a membrane attack complex.
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