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The negatively charged part of an atom
electron
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The formal name for the actual image produced in radiology
radiograph
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a minute portion of matter
particle
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describes the flow of particles of energy resulting from an acceleration of an electric charge
waves
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electromagnetic radiation used to produce radiographs
xrays
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an invisible image on the xray film after it is exposed to ionizing radiation before processing
latent images
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determines quality of the radiograph
kilovoltage
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determines quantity of a radiograph
milaamperage
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responsible for density in a radiograph
mAs
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the positively charged end of the xray tube
anode
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the negatively charged end of the xray tube
cathode
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the degree of darkening of exposed and processed radiographic film
density
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the difference in density between 2 areas on a radiograph
contrast
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a form of distortion that magnifies size
magnification
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two types of anodes
rotating and stationary
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the type of proportionality demonstrated by the inverse square law
indirect proportionality
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the degree of darkening of exposed and processed radiographic film
density
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the difference in density between two areas on a radiograph
contrast
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the type of energy that includes xrays
electromagnetic (also mechanical, chemical, nuclear, and electrical)
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the part of an xray tube that heats to a high temperature so electrons can be boiled off
filament
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the part of a rotary electric motor that turns
rotor
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rule used to optimize kvp and increase/decrease penetration
15% rule
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sante's rule
2 x thickness + 40 + grid factor
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misrepresentation of an anatomic part by size or shape
distortion
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a lack of image sharpness cause by patient movement
motion
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devise for measuring an anatomic area of interest
callipers
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2 examples of the use of stationary anode
dental, portable radiographic unit, fluoroscopy
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x ray with ____ wavelengths have higher frequency so will penetrate furthur
shorter
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a shallow depression in the cathode that houses the filament
focusing cup
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the stationary part of an elecric motor or alternator
strator
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the impact of having the bevel of the anode on the cathode side, which increases the intensity of radiation on that side
the anode heel effect
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fluorescent sheets of plastic that convert xray radiation to visible light
intensifying screens
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film stored in unsuitable conditions that looks dark with diminished contrast
film fog
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The distance from the tube to the image receptor or cassette
SID (Source-image distance) or FFD (Focal film distance)
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waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
electromagnetic radiation
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when electrons inadvertently bounce beyond the focal spot, appearing as an artifact (shadow image outside actual image)
off-focus radiation
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movement that reduces the visibility of details or structures on a radiograph
blur
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taking more than one view/image on a cassette
splitting the cassette
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the principle that ensures xrays are directed onto the object being radiographed, and sharpens the final image
line focus principle
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a series of thin strips placed between the patient and cassette that decreases scatter radiation and increases contrast
grid
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smallest particle of electromagnetic radiation
photon
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the type of electrification most important in radiology
induction (others are contrast and friction)
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this law states that the intensity of the xray beam is adversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source
inverse square law
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ratio of heat to xrays
99:1
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a dogs thorax measures 11 cm, and the kVp's are set at an appropriate level for a radiograph
76 kVp
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a dogs thorax measures 11 cm, and the mAs is set at an appropriate level for a radiograph
5 mA's
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A dogs abdomen measures 8 cm, and the kVps are set to an appropriate level for a radiograph
56 kVp
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a dogs abdomen measures 8 cm and the mAs are set at an appropriate level for a radiograph
7.5 mAs
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type of radiation that results from direct exposure without protection
primary
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type of radiation that is of the biggest concern to healthcare workers
secondary or scattered (uncontrollable, unseen, mechanism, etc)
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one who could be exposed to radiation from man-made sources through work
radiation worker
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3 cardinal rules of safety protection
time, distance, shielding
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mAs for extremity
2.5 mAs
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mAs for spine/bone
10 mAs
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when elctrons hit this area in the anode, xrays are formed
target or focal point
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universal principal of safety that governs everything we do
ALARA
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organs most susceptible to radiation
rapidly growing/dividing cells - thyroid, reproductive organs, hematopoietic cells, GI epithelium, eye lens
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radiation tissue damage that occurs within the life of the individual
somatic
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radiation tissue damage that results in negative impact for future generations
genetic
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the amount of ionizing radiation a person might be exposed to without harm
MPD (maximum permissible dose)
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3 qualities of a good dark room
clean, organized, light proof
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gestation time when the fetus is most likely to be killed by radiation exposure
1st 9 days
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gestation time at which fetal organ development will be most impacted
10 days - 6 weeks
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when making a technique chart, the amount to decrease kVp for every cm decrease from original
2 kVp
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the step in film processing where the sensitized silver halide crystals are chamged to black metallic silver
developer
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the step in film processing where the unchanged crystals from the film emulsion are removed, leaving the black metallic silver
fixer
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4 advantages of digital processing
time, image storage and transport, cost savings, and follow up rads
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2 disadvantages of digital processing
learning curve/training, equipment costs
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when making a technique chart, the amount to increase kVp for every cm increase from original that places kVp above 100
4 kVp
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indicator on dental film that helps the operator determine direction after a film is taken
film dot
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5 steps of film processing
developing, rinsing/stop, fixing, washing, drying
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a dental radiographing technique that minimizes image distortion and produces an accurate image of canine teeth
bisecting angle technique
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type of radiograph unit without a collimator
dental
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