support, protect, assist in movement (bones and muscles), mineral homeostosis (storing minerals. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION, produces of red blood cell and pallets --> hemopoiesis in red bone marrow. stores triglyceride storage -yellow bone marrow
Types of bones give an example of each
long bones: femur
short bones: wrist
flat bones skull
irregular bones; vertabrae, facial bones
what are the parts of the long bone?
diaphsis:
epiphysis
metaphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity
endosteum
Osteogenic cell are what and found where?
unspecialized found along the periosteum
Osteoblasts
Osteogenic converts into osteoblasts. they also undergo cell division and only surround with extracellular matrix
Osteocytes do what?
maintain the bone
Osteoclasts
break down the bone
Central canal:
goes through center of osteon contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
Concentric lamellae
are layers of matrix
Lacunae "lakes"
contains osteocyctes bone cells
Canaticuli
contain extensions of osteocytes
Trabiculaes are what?
are the ridges located in the spongy bones
what does the space between the trabaculae contain?
red bone marrow
Spongy bone is lighter than compact bone because
reduces weight o skeleton
Bone formation is known as
ossification
What happens during bone formation?
inital bone develops in embyro, growth continues during adulthood and will continue to repair and remodel replace of old bone
Two ways we make bone?
Intramembranous, endochondrial
What way of bone making is the most common
endochondrial
Growth and length
Occur where
on the epiphyseal side of the epitheal plate
chondrocytes divide and grow more cartilage
Epipheseal
is calcified cartilage that later becomes bone
what happens to the thickness of bones as the grow in length
they also grow thickness
Remodeling and Repair occurs through what
resoprtion by osteoclasts
deposistion by osteoblasts
which process put calcium back in the blood vessels?
resorption by osteoclasts
what process put calcium in the bone?
deposition by osteblasts
Types of Fractures
Closed and Open
Closed fractures
simple not through skin
Open fractures
compund broken ends break through skin
Parital fractures
incomplete break
complete
bone broken in 2 pieces or more
What 2 process regulate Calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone, and Caleitonin
Parayhyroid horomes does what?
increases osteoclast activity
What are soft spots called?
fontenals
what helps with our voice
paranasal sinuses
What are the sutures in our skull
coronal, sagittal, lambodial, squamos
The purpose of the Vertebrae
inclose spine cord protect, support the head, point of attachment for muscles of back ribs and pelvic griddle