chapter 8

a young childs growing ______ of self is linked to the ability to feel an expanding range of ____

_____ development allows children to try and make sense of other peoples emotional _____ and to begin to control their own emotions

to experience ___ _____ _____, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others. ex. pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

self conscious emotions do not appear to develop until ___ ____ appears around __ months of age

_____ development is among the most important changes in early childhood

between the ages of ___ and ___, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to ___ emotions

when children are 4-5 years of age, they show an increased ability to ____ on emotions

by 5 years of age most children can accurately determine emotions that are produced by ____ and describe ____ they might call on to cope

parents monitor their childrens emotions, view their childrens negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

parents what view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

___ and ____ negative children are more likely to experience ____ by their peers, whereas emotionally postitive children are more popular

refers to the characteristics of people as males and females

the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old

a set of expectations that prescribes how males or females should think, act, and feel

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

one aspect of gender identity involves knowing whether you are a boy or girl, which most children can do by about ___ years of age

two classes of sex hormones

evolutionary psychologist say that males evolved dispositions that favor ___, competition, and ___ taking

according to evolutionary psychologist females contributions to the gene pool were improved when they secured ___ that ___ that their offspring would ___

natural selection favored females who devoted effort to ____ and chose successful, ambitious mates who could provide their offspring with ___ and ___

3 main social theories of gender

the theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

a theory deriving from freuds view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feeling, and subsequently identifies with the same sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same sex parents characteristics

theory that emphasizes that childrens gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior

in many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. they also place more restriction on daughters anatomy

fathers show more attention to songs than daughters, engage in more activities with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons intellectual development

parents provide the earliest discrimination of ___ ___, but before long peers joining the process of responding to and modeling ___ and ____ behavior

peers extensively reward and punish ____ behavior

at around 3 children already show a preference to spend time with same sex playmates. this increases until children spend a large majority of their free time with children of their own sex

from about 5 years of age onward, boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are

boys are more likely than girls to engage in competition, conflict, ego displays etc. while girls are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse

the theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their cultures gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior

individuals in the us and canada were among those with the most favorable attitudes toward ____ punishment and were the ____ likely to remember it being used by their parents.

corporal punishment is associated with :
-antisocial behavior, cheating, lying, being mean, disobeying 
-higher levels of compliance and aggression
-lower levels of moral internalization
-depression, external problems

parents can use corporal punishment in a ___ and ____ manner and their childs behavior can benefit

___ is a pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, its function and form may vary

play makes important contributions to young childrens ___ and ____ development

___ and ____ skills may be enhanced through discussions and negotiations regarding roles and rules in play

behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas

play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

play that involves social interactions with peers

play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. constructive play occurs when children engage in self regulated creation or construction of a product or a solution

types of child maltreatment

-poor emotion regulation
-attachment problems
-problems in peer relations
-difficulty adapting in school
-depression and delinquency
-higher stress levels