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a young childs growing ______ of self is linked to the ability to feel an expanding range of ____
awareness; emotions
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_____ development allows children to try and make sense of other peoples emotional _____ and to begin to control their own emotions
emotional; reactions
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to experience ___ _____ _____, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others. ex. pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
self-conscious emotions
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self conscious emotions do not appear to develop until ___ ____ appears around __ months of age
self awareness; 18
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_____ development is among the most important changes in early childhood
emotional
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between the ages of ___ and ___, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to ___ emotions
2 and 4; describe
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when children are 4-5 years of age, they show an increased ability to ____ on emotions
reflect
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by 5 years of age most children can accurately determine emotions that are produced by ____ and describe ____ they might call on to cope
circumstances; strategies
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parents monitor their childrens emotions, view their childrens negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions
emotion-coaching parents
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parents what view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
emotion-dismissing parents
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___ and ____ negative children are more likely to experience ____ by their peers, whereas emotionally postitive children are more popular
moody and emotionally; rejection
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refers to the characteristics of people as males and females
gender
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the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old
gender identity
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a set of expectations that prescribes how males or females should think, act, and feel
gender role
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acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
gender typing
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one aspect of gender identity involves knowing whether you are a boy or girl, which most children can do by about ___ years of age
2.5
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two classes of sex hormones
estrogens and androgens
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evolutionary psychologist say that males evolved dispositions that favor ___, competition, and ___ taking
violence; risk taking
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according to evolutionary psychologist females contributions to the gene pool were improved when they secured ___ that ___ that their offspring would ___
resources that ensured; survive
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natural selection favored females who devoted effort to ____ and chose successful, ambitious mates who could provide their offspring with ___ and ___
parenting; resources and protection
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3 main social theories of gender
- -social role theory
- -psychoanalytic theory
- -social cognitive theory
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the theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women
social role theory
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a theory deriving from freuds view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feeling, and subsequently identifies with the same sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same sex parents characteristics
psychoanalytic theory of gender
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theory that emphasizes that childrens gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior
social cognitive theory of gender
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in many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. they also place more restriction on daughters anatomy
mothers socialization strategies
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fathers show more attention to songs than daughters, engage in more activities with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons intellectual development
fathers socialization strategies
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parents provide the earliest discrimination of ___ ___, but before long peers joining the process of responding to and modeling ___ and ____ behavior
gender roles; masculine and feminine
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peers extensively reward and punish ____ behavior
gender
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at around 3 children already show a preference to spend time with same sex playmates. this increases until children spend a large majority of their free time with children of their own sex
gender composition of childrens groups
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from about 5 years of age onward, boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are
group size
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boys are more likely than girls to engage in competition, conflict, ego displays etc. while girls are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse
interaction in same sex groups
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the theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their cultures gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior
gender schema theory
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individuals in the us and canada were among those with the most favorable attitudes toward ____ punishment and were the ____ likely to remember it being used by their parents.
corporal; most
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corporal punishment is associated with :
-antisocial behavior, cheating, lying, being mean, disobeying
-higher levels of compliance and aggression
-lower levels of moral internalization
-depression, external problems
all correlational and found to be true of ABUSIVE parents.
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parents can use corporal punishment in a ___ and ____ manner and their childs behavior can benefit
calm and reasoned
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___ is a pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, its function and form may vary
play
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play makes important contributions to young childrens ___ and ____ development
cognitive and socioeconomic
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___ and ____ skills may be enhanced through discussions and negotiations regarding roles and rules in play
language and communication
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behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas
sensorimotor play
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play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
practice play
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play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
pretense/symbolic play
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play that involves social interactions with peers
social play
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play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. constructive play occurs when children engage in self regulated creation or construction of a product or a solution
constructive play
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types of child maltreatment
- physical abuse
- child neglect
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
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-poor emotion regulation
-attachment problems
-problems in peer relations
-difficulty adapting in school
-depression and delinquency
-higher stress levels
effects of maltreatment
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